True Freedom in Lawrences Aaron’s Rod Essay - 1367 Words

â€Å"They had got outside the castle of so-called human life. Outside the horrible, stinking castle of human life. A bit of true, limpid freedom.† ~ Florence, Aarons Rod) Aaron’s Rod concludes the central theme that D. H. Lawrence took up in The White Peacock, The Trespasser, The Lost Girl, and Mr. Noon: the idea of true human freedom. What makes Aaron’s Rod exceptional is the way it transforms the notion of love, regarded as the savior of human soul from the tyranny of social obligations. In his previous novels, Lawrence depicted characters that are fed up with their forced ways of social life. They are helplessly seeking a relationship that offers spontaneity, in harmony with their inner self, the depth of their soul. There is†¦show more content†¦And I’m not going to be forced into it.† The consciousness to love as something not arising from within man’s soul but something the world squeezes out of him is the cause of Aaron’s neglect of his family and his apparent waywardness. As Aaron travels away from his family, he experiences the eternally present emptiness of existence. The outer frame of human existence is all a servile mask used to lure the capitalist, the landlord, the affluent to win worldly favors. In the chapter Novara, as rich William Frank’s guest, Aaron notices ‘the deference of all the guests at table: a touch of obsequiousness: before the money! And the host and hostess accepted the deference, nay, expected it, as their due.’ This hollowness of being pinches Aaron. Like every man, like every human being, he feels the necessity to be felt and loved. The question that thwarts him is whether man or only the mask of his material possession is loved. To be loved, one need must be known, and that is a rare phenomenon. It occurs to Aaron: â€Å"We cannot be exposed to the looks of others, for our very being is night-lustrous and unseeable. Like the Invisible Man, we are only exposed through our clothes and our masks.† Un less others know man out of his mask, of his flesh that is seeable, he cannot be loved. Loving him is only a euphemism for eating his flesh. This metaphor is utilized in the last chapter Words. In his quasi-philosophical dream, Aaron sees

Boston Beer Analysis Essay example - 3020 Words

Matthew Schreck Management 511: Financial Decision Making Boston Beer Company April 18, 2013 Amelia Drobile Boston Beer Company History and Financial Position Boston Beer Company (SAM) is a brewery in Massachusetts most commonly known for its Samuel Adams line of â€Å"craft† beers. The Samuel Adams line of beer was introduced in 1985. Since then the company has grown to do over 580 million dollars in revenue each year. 580 million is a very small piece of the food and beverage industry but the amount of shareholder wealth they are providing is impressive. Boston Beer Company has been named one of the top publically traded businesses to watch in 2013 by Forbes. Boston Beer Company is actually part of two†¦show more content†¦Quick Ratio (MRQ) The quick ratio for Boston Beer Company is 1.33. A company’s quick ratio is an indicator of a company’s short-term liquidity. This ratio is a more conservative form of the current ratio because it does not take into account inventory of the company when determining its current assets. Boston Beer Company still has a favorable ratio well above 1.0. While their current ratio is much better with all the inventory, Boston Beer Company is still a reliable company that can pay off its short term debts if need be. Measuring Returns Primary Stakeholders Boston Beer Company has five primary stakeholders within company, Martin F. Roper (President and CEO), C. James Koch (Founder and Chairman), William F. Urich (CFO and Treasurer), John C. Geist (Vice President of Sales), and Thomas W. Lance (Vice President of Operations). Of the five of them C. James Koch holds more than 34% of the shares and is the sole holder of the class B common stock that gives him the right to appoint five of the eight members that are chosen to be on the board as seen in the following quote from the 2013 Proxy Statement. â€Å"At the Annual Meeting you will be asked to elect three Class A Directors and cast an advisory vote on executive compensation. As the sole holder of Class B Common Stock, I will elect five Class B Directors and cast a vote to ratify the selection of our independent registered public accounting firm.† (Boston Beer Company, Inc., 2013) While Koch may haveShow MoreRelatedBoston Beer Company SWOT Analysis2833 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ The Boston Beer Company is currently the largest craft beer company in the United States, however, the craft beer industry is growing in an otherwise shrinking market increasing the amount of serious competition that The Boston Beer Company is facing. In order to stay on top of the industry, The Boston Beer Company needs to find new, innovative ways of being the most appealing craft beer available to the average consumer. While The Boston Beer Company offers many different varieties of seasonalRead MoreBoston Beer Case Study Analysis Essay1852 Words   |  8 PagesBoston Beer Company Case Study Analysis 1. Boston Beer’s strategy is primarily focused on growth through differentiation. The sources of its competitive advantage can be classified as a company that provides high quality beer with unique flavors, a market driven approach, and a very efficient contract brewing strategy. In terms of quality, the company created a premium beer by its selective use of ingredients and less water. Boston Beer has won honors such as being the first American beerRead More Analysis of Samuel Adams and Boston Beer Company Essay2665 Words   |  11 PagesThe Boston Beer Company and Samuel Adams have both had a long history. Since the 1870s, six generations of the Koch family have been involved with beer. In the early 1980s, the seventh generations almost turned his back on the family business. After graduating from graduate school, Jim Koch wanted to stray always for the family business and seek a career in management consulting. After a short time in the consulting business, Koch decided that he just could not ignore his destiny to create a newRead MoreBoston Beer Company case write up Essay1027 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿33 Ryan Koziol MGM 404 09/19/13 Boston Beer Company Analysis Boston Beer Company founded in 1984, along with many other big league giants have decisions to be made in regards to the direction they wish to take their brand. Brand extension or brand stretching is a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with a well- developed image uses the same brand name in a different product category. Brand extensionsRead MoreEconomic And Strategic Traits Of The Industries Companies1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe attractiveness of an acquisition of Boston Beer Company (SAM) by Molson Coors (TAP). Analysis of industry factors such as the market size, market growth rate, competitive strategy, and diversification strategy for both companies will assist in the possibility of the acquisition. Competitive Strategy When assessing the competitive strategy of each company, it is necessary to look at each company’s product line. Boston Beer Company (SAM) markets craft beer under the brand Samuel Adams and has aRead Morebostonbeercompany1056 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Boston Beer Company Case Study (3) Avnit Bambah Shrey Raturi Executive Summary Jim Koch, President and founder of Boston Beer Company, had filed a registration with the SEC for an IPO that aimed to raise between $26 million and $34 million. The Boston Beer Company is leader in craft beer industry with market domination in the craft beer segment and perfect marketing team. The two previous IPO by competitors were very successful and stock value increasing by forty percentage by theRead MoreBoston Beer HBS Case1538 Words   |  7 Pages1--------------------------------------------------- Boston Beer, in response to consumers’ preference changes to more flavorful and bitter tasting brews, was founded in 1894. Boston Beer implements a â€Å"quality at any cost† strategy with a strong emphasis on product differentiation and implementing quality ingredients into its products. For instance, Boston Beer was the first company to employ a stamped freshness date on its bottles and ingredients are imported from around the world. Additionally, Boston Beer relies heavily on contractRead MoreSamuel Adams: The Boston Beer Company1498 Words   |  6 PagesSamuel Adams - Inventory The Boston Beer Company is the country’s largest producer of craft beer, with their flagship brand being Samuel Adams. An American Craft Brewer is defined as small, independent, and traditional. To be considered these terms, the brewery must adhere to the following guidelines: Annual production of 6 million barrels of beer or less. Less than 25% of the craft brewery is owned or controlled (or equivalent economic interest) by an alcoholic beverage industry member whoRead MoreThe Boston Beer Company : An Overview1231 Words   |  5 PagesOutline The Boston Beer Company has had astonishing accomplishment in its move from a little scale microbrewer to an expansive scale national bottling works. All of the organization s prosperity is because of the Samuel Adams Lager product offering, which has scarcely transformed from the establishing of the organization in 1984, to the IPO in 1995, to the present day. Indeed, a great part of the claim of Samuel Adams originates from its microbrew picture and the organizer, Jim Koch s, dutyRead MoreBosten Beer Case Hints655 Words   |  3 PagesCase: Boston Beer Company Address the following questions in a 4-5 page write-up of the Boston Beer Company Case to explore the issue of Initial Public Offerings. 1) What do you think of Boston Beer’s business model relative to the traditional beer companies’ business model? Relative to Redhook and Pete’s? (Hint: consider their brewing, production, distribution, marketing strategies. How is each firm attempting to achieve its own sustainable comparative advantage in the market place

Psychology Biological and Environmental Factors

Question: Discuss about the Report for Psychology of Biological and Environmental Factors. Answer: The intelligence of humans is affected both by the biological and environmental factors. Though, it is not totally determined by the biological or genetic factors; it has a lot to do with the environment, particularly in the case of language of the individuals and capability of learning together with analyzing the influence of the environment. This essay will discuss why a childs early home environment has long-term effects on the social development. The environmental factors influence childrens language learning capability and social development. Intelligence refers to the capacity of the individuals to acquire knowledge, to think and act effectively and deal adaptively with their environment (Sternberg, 2014). Several influences of the environment are responsible for shaping intelligence. These influences usually fall into two main categories- Biological and sociocultural (Pringle, 2013).The biological influences act in the response to the physical body, whereas the sociocultural influences are concerned for shaping the mind and behaviour of an individual. The biological influences encompass everything from nourishment to anxiety, and starts shaping intelligence from the prenatal stages. It has been revealed that nutrition affects intelligence throughout the existence of humans Doise et al., 2013). During the early periods of growth, malnutrition can impair cognitive development. The neural connections and pathways can be disrupted by an inadequate nutrition and due to this an individual is not able to recover mentally (Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2015). In the development of human intelligence, stress also plays a role. For example, in childhood, an exposure to violence has been linked with lower grades in school and lower IQ in the children of all the races (Chevalier et al., 2013). A study has been carried out on a group of children belonging to the urban areas and their caregivers by using standardized tests, interviews, self-report and IQ tests. This study revealed that exposure to violence and suffering in children is related with considerable decrease in the IQ learning ability. In addition, the exposure to toxins and other prenatal factors are also found to have an effect on intelligence and in few cases leads to the issues such as delay in development. On the other hand, in sociocultural influences, family is considered to be most influential in the development of children, but it is complicated to resolve the biological factors from the environmental factors in a family unit. For instance, in a childs home the quantity of b ooks has been revealed to positively associate with intelligence. It has also been found that a children position in birth also influences intelligence (Shaffer Kipp, 2013). Moving outside the family unit, the peer groups of the human beings helps in shaping them significantly (Whitcomb Merrell, 2013). Stereotype threat is concerned with the thought that individuals belonging to a particular group will perform sequentially with generalizations apportioned to that group, irrespective of their individual ability; this threat had been recognized to affect the scores of IQ, positively as well as negatively (Brady et al., 2013). This means, that if an individual belongs to a group that is known to be intelligent, then they will appear to be more intelligent in terms of their IQ tests. In case if they are told that they belong to an unintelligent group, they will give a worse performance, even if these differences are fabricated and random (Chevalier et al., 2013). The environmental factors influence childrens language learning capability and social development (Hartas, 2012). A theory, which explains the environmental impact on development of language, is the behaviorist theory, which was proposed by B.F Skinner (Doise et al., 2013). According to this theory, language is acquired in the similar way as any other behaviour by means of operant conditioning (Hanko, 2016). In operant conditioning, the process of learning is defined as the behavioral changes due to the outcome of the experiences that takes place after a response. According to Skinner, operant conditioning happens in the development of language when children make sounds and it is reinforced by the reactions of their parents. An excited smile, attention and hugs are examples of this reinforcement (Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2015). All these makes the children more probable to repeat their actions and words and relate them with a corresponding event or object. Operant conditioning unites w ith imitation for allowing the rapid development of language to take place (Charlesworth, 2013). Another perspective, which explains the environmental impact on development of language, is the interactionist perspective, which mainly emphasizes on the interactions between the environmental influences and innate ability (Wood, Kendal Flynn, 2013). There are two main sub-groups that have an existence within the interactionist perspective: the societal interaction perspective of language development and the information-processing perspective of language development (Sternberg, 2014).The theorists of information-processing perspective believe that a child makes sense of complicated language by innate cognitive abilities integrated with the experiences of the environment. These theorists have the same opinion with the biological theories that a child is born with a remarkable ability of analyzing language. On the other hand, they also disagree that these abilities are possibly not enough to explain the development of language by them (Brady et al., 2013). The supporters of social interaction theories underlines that the experiences of language and social skills are necessary for development of language (Shaffer Kipp, 2013).According to this vision, the active possessing the ability of developing language will make efforts to communicate (Shaffer Kipp, 2013).When the children make these efforts for the development of language, the caregivers will start providing experiences, which will help the process. By this manner, children learn to relate the development of language to its social significance (Pringle, 2013). The condition of childrens environment is a fundamental aspect of their progression (Whitcomb Merrell, 2013). Understanding the various environmental aspects helps the individuals to ensure that their children are getting what they need for their optimal growth as well as development. It also helps to identify a potential problem (Wood, Kendal Flynn, 2013). The way in which the children are treated by their parents and the other caregivers has an impact on how they grow and develop (Sternberg, 2014).The parents who nurture individuality assist their children feel loved and accepted. A supportive and affectionate environment helps a child to focus on learning and he/she do not have to be bothered about gaining praise and acceptance (Shaffer Kipp, 2013). Assisting children in solving problems, learning new things as well as spending quality time with them are some of the efficient ways of nurturing children and helping them to grow and develop (Hanko, 2016). Inadequate opportunities of learning are one of the main contributors in disrupting the development of children (Charlesworth, 2013). Some of the psychologists suggest that playing games with the children is an effective way of promoting healthy development. As children get older, the parents should play with them and help them in solving the problems (Doise et al., 2013). Childrens early home environment has a significant impact on their health and well-being. Starting from childhood, a complex environment of the home can disturb the stress response system of the brain, hamper the healthy development, and lead to the reduction of caregiving which is received by a child (Chevalier et al., 2013). According to different studies it has been found that a negative environment in the home during the first five years leads to several developmental problems such as depression, anxiety, aggression, impaired cognitive and language development and lack of interest in studies (Hartas, 2012). It has been revealed by the brain imaging research that growing up in a poor environment causes the childrens brain to develop in a different way (Brady et al., 2013). For instance, living in an environment, which is affected by poverty and chaos, can result in the changes of stress system of the brain that enhance a childs susceptibility to chronic diseases in the future (Shaffer Kipp, 2013). The studies of small children have recognized distinct patterns of the activity of the brain associated with income of the family as well as socioeconomic status, particularly in those areas of the brain that are associated with social and emotional development, learning and recollection, and language ability (Whitcomb Merrell, 2013). In the end, it can be concluded that human intelligence is not totally determined by the biological factors but it has lot to do with the environment, predominantly in the case of language learning capability. The environmental factors influence the language learning capability and social development of children. The environmental conditions of children are a fundamental aspect of their development. Understanding the different environmental aspects helps us to make sure that the children are getting what they need for their optimal growth as well as development. It also helps in identifying potential problems. The way in which the children receive treatment by their parents and the other caregivers has an impact on how they grow and develop. Thus, the environmental aspects should not be overlooked as they are essential for language learning capability and social development of children effectively. References Brady, N. C., Thiemann-Bourque, K., Fleming, K., Matthews, K. (2013). Predicting language outcomes for children learning augmentative and alternative communication: Child and environmental factors.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research,56(5), 1595-1612. Charlesworth, R. (2013).Understanding child development. Cengage Learning. Chevalier, A., Harmon, C., OSullivan, V., Walker, I. (2013). The impact of parental income and education on the schooling of their children.IZA Journal of Labor Economics,2(1), 1. Doise, W., Mugny, G., James, A. S., Emler, N., Mackie, D. (2013).The social development of the intellect(Vol. 10). Elsevier. Hanko, G. (2016).Increasing competence through collaborative problem-solving: Using insight into social and emotional factors in children's learning. Routledge. Hartas, D. (2012). Inequality and the home learning environment: predictions about seven-year-olds language and literacy.British Educational Research Journal,38(5), 859-879. Pringle, M. K. (2013).The needs of children. Routledge. Shaffer, D. R., Kipp, K. (2013).Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Cengage Learning. Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Blades, M. (2015).Understanding children's development. John Wiley Sons. Sternberg, R. J. (2014).Advances in the psychology of human intelligence(Vol. 4). Psychology Press.. Whitcomb, S., Merrell, K. W. (2013).Behavioral, social, and emotional assessment of children and adolescents. Routledge. Wood, L. A., Kendal, R. L., Flynn, E. G. (2013). Whom do children copy? Model-based biases in social learning.Developmental Review,33(4), 341-356.

Shakespeare Ghosts Essays - English-language Films,

Shakespeare Ghosts Shakespeare used ghosts in his plays to add flavor to them. He especially emphasized on the super naturals in the plays Hamlet and MacBeth. The ghosts in these plays were used to build up the structure of the plot. In Hamlet the ghost is King Hamlet, Hamlet's murdered father. The ghost appears four times throughout the play and is seen by many characters. Hamlet is the most influenced by the ghost, because it is his father and he is telling him to avenge his murderer. This influence by the ghost keeps the play going by becoming Hamlet's driving force to vindicate his father's murderer. The ghost infuriates Hamlet's anger of his father's murderer by telling him who it is. The murderer is Claudius, Hamlet's uncle and new stepfather. The ghost also tells Hamlet of how the murder was done. The ghost tells Hamlet to speak to his mother, but in this he tells Hamlet to be gentle and not to make any judgments because that is God's job. In MacBeth, Shakespeare used several super natural occurrences, for example a floating dagger, witches, prophetic apparitions, and Banquo's ghost. These are a few examples to show the importance of super naturals in Shakespeare's plays. In MacBeth the ghost is Banquo. Banquo was a general in MacBeth's army. The two see three witches who tell them of there future. MacBeth's future consist of becoming a king, but having no heirs to the throne. Banquo will not be king, but one of his descendants will be. MacBeth gets scared that Banquo's sons will be kings. He hires murderers to kill Banquo and his sons. The Shakespeare's Ghosts 3 murderers kill Banquo, but his son manages to escape. While the murders are taking place MacBeth is hosting a banquet for Banquo. During the banquet Banquo's ghost comes into the party and sits by MacBeth and says nothing. MacBeth sees this ghost and completely losses it. MacBeth cannot take the ghost's presence any longer and yells for him to leave. none of the other guests see the ghost, therefore leading them to believe that MacBeth has gone insane in the membrane. The differences in the ghosts in MacBeth and Hamlet differ greatly, as do the actions and reactions in which they cause. In Hamlet the ghost appears a few times and is seen by many people, it also makes requests for things to be done. In MacBeth the ghost is only seen by MacBeth and is never heard, it is there merely for intimidation. The reactions caused by the sight of the ghost differ. In Hamlet the ghost appears in full body armor dressed for battle and puts thought into young Hamlet's head. His first thought is that the ghost is sent by an evil force, but soon disregards that idea. Hamlet then proceeds to carry out the ghosts request. King Hamlet's ghost does not cause Hamlet to go insane as does Banquo's ghost did to MacBeth. The resemblances of the two ghost were mainly that both of the people represented by the ghosts had been wrongfully murdered. They both mainly influenced the main character of the play, kept the plot inline, and gave insight to the character. In conclusion, the ghost in each play were one of the most important characters. The play would not have been as clear without there insight. Therefore, one should always listen to ghost, because they provide useful information.

Small business fate in the US

COS WA Essays

COS WA Essays COS WA Essay COS WA Essay As well as Graphic and image processing. Programming and customized problem solving is also best suited for PCs. 10. Describe some benefits and drawbacks of the information age? A. One of the benefits to the information age is the ability to have information readily available. To be able to look up an answer to a question in seconds, without having to go to the library and look it up. To be able to instantly communicate information across the globe. B. The drawbacks are the threat to personal privacy, the hazards Of high-tech crimes and the difficulty Of keeping data secure. As well as the threat of automation and the mechanization of work. Chapter 2 Review Questions 3. Draw a block diagram showing the major components of a computer and their relationships. Briefly describe the function of each component. B. Input accept input from the outside world c. CPU processes information, performs arithmetic calculation and makes basic decisions by comparing information values d. Memory / Storage store information. Internal memory stores programs and data, required to be accessed by the CAP]. External memory is a secondary storage for long-tern repositories for data. E. Output sends information to the world f. Data -? the information is sent between input, CPU, memory output 4. Why is the international computer industry shifting from ASCII to Unicode for representing text? A. The Acacias 256 characters are too limited to accommodate languages such as: Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Arabic, etc. 5. Why do many PC manufacturers include graphics-processing units (Spies) in their machines? A. To handle 3-D graphics rending and other visual calculations. This frees up the main CPU to work on other tasks. 10. Describe several ways you can minimize your negative impact on the environment when you purchase and use a computer.

Issue of Redemption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issue of Redemption - Research Paper Example He get to know the truth from Dorotes while they are both in their graves. Death does not stop their sorrow but only an addition of it. From outside the grave they endure to be troubled by the provoking dream of a joy from which they are constantly omitted. Pedro Paroma He is the hero and also the enemy in the novel Pedro Paroma. He is both the protagonist and antagonist because he takes the role of a cross purposes. He has the character of making critical decisions without fear. For instance, he was able to get rid of his debt and acquire more land (Rulfo, Pp 12). The unfortunate thing is that he cannot use his character of making critical decisions for the betterment of the society. Pedro Paroma is presented as a tragic hero since he longs dearly for Susana , but he is unable to overcome her death. The one mistake that is connected to him is the way he cannot forget the death of Susana. This is evident because he is unable to function without the motivations of Susana. Pedro is cha rged with the role of productivity as the main figurehead in his work. This is because a lot is expected from his work. Pedro is extremely immoral because he has impregnated many women in town even though he has the best interest of comal in heart. This is because he is responsibly of the well being of this town. Pedrop has many children â€Å"Padre brings many to his door step† one of them being Miguel although he can also decide to fold his arms and let the town of camola die. This has given him a strong role since he holds the power of life and productiveness in the town. The name Pedro is extremely significant in the novel. This is because the name Pedro means rock of Christ when translated in English while the name paramo means unproductive heat. This is hugely ironic because the works of Pedro collapses like a mountain of rocks after seeing what his land has turned into. Susana San Juan Pedro loves Susana more than he loves his life. The two knew each other from their c hildhood since they grew up together. Susana had a tragic experience since her parents died horrible deaths. Susana mother died friendless, and later her father died in the mines of Andromeda by Sedano so that she could be married by Pedro. Susan was affected tremendously much by the death of her first husband because she loved him extremely (Rulfo, Pp 45). The death of her husband made Susana become delusional because she talks to her self thinking that his husband is alive. Susana seems to have loved his husband for his body but not his character. Even though, Susan did have sex with Pedro, it is because he wanted her desperately. Susana never got married to Pedro because he never had a divorce with Dolores. The death Susana affects Pedro exceeding much that he even refuses to work and even lets the town perish. Susana is characterized as the rain and water because she motivated Pedro to work. The passages when she is found have a background of rain meaning Susana irrigates life. The life of Pedro and Susana has a lot of similarity. For instances, Pedro has father has died, and this is the same case with Susana who lost her father in the mines. Pedro and Susana are strongly affected when their loose the people they love. Susana is strongly affected by the death of her first husband. This makes him to be delusional that she even starts talking to her self thinking that he is alive. The same case happens to Pedro when Susana dies. He becomes

Rise and Fall of the Hyksos in the Egyptian Civilization Research Paper

Rise and Fall of the Hyksos in the Egyptian Civilization - Research Paper Example Their power was enhanced every time any Asian force entered Egypt, whom they greeted as allies . Hyksos were declared to be a large force, and managed to invade Egypt without much resistance. They were able to accomplish this because they took advantage of a time when the dynasty of Pharaohs was nearing its end, and the Pharaoh had no son to succeed him. They crushed the ruling regime, and burnt the cities and temples to the ground. The natives were treated brutally, and some were even made slaves. Finally, they appointed a member of their army, Salitis, as king and established a new city called Ausaris . The Hyksos ruled in a period which is commonly known as the Second Intermediate Period, in which the Asians were known as ‘Aamu’ by the locals. The Fifteenth Dynasty (1663-1570 BC) is usually assigned to these Hyksos kings. The Hyksos, started by ruling the eastern Delta, and later they spread their power to the middle and southern parts of Egypt. During the Second Inte rmediate Period, Egypt was in a state of turmoil, as opposing groups were rising from different areas. Among these emerged two strong leaders, the Hyksos kings, ruling from their capital Avaris, and the Theban Dynasty. During their rule, the Hyksos kings continued to attack the southern region, in order to gain control over the Theban Kingdom, which they eventually managed to do but for a short time period. The ethnic origins of the Hyksos have always been a controversial topic. There is plenty of evidence to support that they were from Palestine, as their culture was very similar to that of the last stage of Middle Bronze Age II from the Syro-Palestinian region. But there are also indications of Mesopotamian culture in the Hyksos kingdom. Objects such as composite bows and chariots used by the Hyksos, were part of the Mesopotamian civilization. But it was odd that these objects were of the old design when used by the Hyksos, as compared to the new ones which were being used in Meso potamia at the time. Thus, it can be concluded that the Hyksos were not directly influenced by the Mesopotamians3. The Hyksos were grand builders and craftsmen, and their method of governance was almost similar to that of the Egyptians. Although the Hyksos brought a few of their gods when they invaded Egypt, they also displayed respect to the idols of the Egyptian natives, some of which also became a part of their own religion. Egypt already had various interactions with the forces from Asia. These included several wars and trade to a certain extent; therefore it would not be startling to notice that mix cultures did exist in different areas in Egypt at that time. The Hyksos belonged to the Semitic tribe who gained control of Egypt from the leaders of the Second Intermediate Period, which took place after the 13th Dynasty. Their names largely come from the West Semitic languages and there also have been hints that these people were Hurrian. It is difficult to verify the origins of t hese people in Asia, and at Tell el-Dab'a, as their culture was not steady, but kept on changing. According to one theory, the local Egyptians allowed, settlers from the region of Lebanon and Palestine to settle down on their lands. The leaders of these settlers gradually established matrimonial relations with the local Egyptians. This is supported by the fact that foreign features of the Hyksos at Tell el-Dab'a have been excavated at sites to the south of Palestine such as Tell el-Ajjul, at the Syrian site of Ebla and at Byblos in modern Lebanon. Hence, the Hyksos ended up ruling Egypt mainly because of the the huge number of Asians who travelled to

Effects the Media has on Child development Research Paper

Effects the Media has on Child development - Research Paper Example From the first appearance of television sets in living rooms in the 20th Century, there has been a concern on their impact on the viewers, particularly the children. Recent years has seen this concern extended to electronic media including computers. The fact that children spend seven hours per day on average in media such as televisions, computers and other electronic devices, as noted by the American Academy of Pediatrics, AAP indicates the important role that the media plays in shaping development in children. Kirkorian et al. (39) observe content as the most crucial determining factor in evaluating how media affects development in children. Therefore, depending on the content in the media under focus, the effect on child development could either be positive or negative. Media play an important role in language acquisition. As observed by Kirkorian (40), children who watched Sesame Street, a preschooler educational program, learnt vocabulary, identification of numbers and letters and concepts including shapes and colors. Television viewing has in particular been noted to impart language learning especially if the programs include on-screen characters talking to children. Children to whom English is not their first language could take advantage of this opportunity to learn the language as they watch English programs. Media has been credited with designing programs that aim at communicating social or academic skills which help children in learning the intended lessons. Programs dealing with diverse literacy in children including science, mathematics and social skills promote learning in children. Kirkorian et al. (46) observe that Blue Clues, a television program focused on cognitive and social problem-solving skills among preschoolers, caused children to be more systematic and successful in problem solutions. The Canadian Pediatric Society (303) also sites Sesame Street as an example of a television program that teaches children important social aspects such as cooperation, kindness, racial harmony and the alphabet. Such programs stimulate children to visit libraries, museums and bookstores among other active recreational places that impart positive learning. This could also be said of Internet websites that have curricula to prepare preschoolers for schooling. In fact, various software programs have been produced to this effect and the impact has been positive. Therefore, educational media improve on educational achievement of children. Critics argue against media as negatively impacting on the development of cognitive skills in children. This argument mainly revolves around attention development. According to Sigman (102), the frequent switch in content and scenes disrupt the ability of children to sustain attention. Additionally, early exposure to non-educational entertainment and violent media programs has been positively associated with attention problems. Kirkorian et al. (45) give an example of a study that compared the effect of a pro-social program, Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood and violent cartoon, Batman. The findings support the correlation between the content of media programs and attention skills in the children being studied. The children exposed to violent cartoons showed decreased self-regulation whereas those exposed to the pro-social program exhibited tolerance of delay, rule obedience and task persistence. It would be important to appreciate that the two programs not only

Effects of Exercise as a Treatment for Depression

Effects of Exercise as a Treatment for Depression The objective of the literature review is, to examine research to find if using exercise as a treatment for depression has an effect. Depression affects a lot of people and is commonly treated with medicines and therapy (DeRubies, Siegle, Hollon, 2008) but exercise is rarely used as treatment. The aim of this review is to explore the efficiency of exercise being used as a treatment. Only literature written in English, and published no longer than 10 years ago, (2007) will be used to remain up-to-date. A minimum of 8 main pieces of literature will be used to make the review detailed enough. The main way that articles and journals will be found is from using PubMed. Other sources will also be used including SHU library gateway, Sheffield Hallam Library and ProQuest. The method of this study is to explore different types of study, and explore how they are carried out, and what their results are. These will be concluded in a table and discussed in more detail below. Search used on PubMed Amount of results Effect of exercise as treatment for depression 2664 Effect of exercise as treatment for depression (filtered to the last 5 years) 887 It has been known for a long time that exercise has a benefit for physical health (DoH, 2011) but not must is know about defined mental disabilities. They state that exercise helps to control stress levels but dont state whether it can help with depression and other mental disabilities such as anxiety. Depression can be explained as People with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. (APA, 2017). With one in 6 adults in the UK having a mental health problem such as depression and anxiety (Mental Health Foundation (MHF), 2016) it is very prevalent and a lot must be done to try and reduce peoples symptoms. Whilst the MHF state that the prevalence is one in 6, Evans, Macrory and Randall (2016) believe that prevalence is closer to 20% so a more detailed review will be needed to conclude this. 22.5% were reported as women and 16.8% were reported as men, detailed research is needed to be try and work out why this is the case (Evans, Macrory, Randall, 2016). Depression is the most common mental health problem around the globe, closely followed by anxiety (W HO, 2016) showing that is isnt just a problem in the UK. NICE (2016) recommend that exercise could potentially be used as a helpful activity for reducing levels of depression considered mild to moderate, but seem to have limited data to back that up so further analyzing will be needed to be able to conclude this. Main Studies used Study Limitations Conclusion (Silveira et al., 2013) Various age groups were used result in in-conclusive data. Exercise seemed to influence levels of depression but more examining needed to conclude the result. (Kvam, Kleppe, Nordhus Hovland, 2016) Some articles used were likely to accidently exaggerate the effects of the exercise. Exercise can be used as an effective intervention within clinical conditions. (Jaffery, Edwards Loprinzi, 2017) Number of candidates used was limited. As little as 10 minutes of exercise may influence mood levels. (Danielsson, Papoulias, Petersson, Carlsson Waern, 2014) Small sample size. Exercise can have a positive influence. (Carvalho et al., 2011) Very small size. Only 33 used. Moderate exercise may contribute but it isnt statistically significant. (Chandler et al., 2012) The trial took part in one place in the country. Exercise did not seem to have a large effect at all. Silveria et al, (2013) carried out a systematic review exploring the effects of activity on clinically depressed patients. Initially their searches came up with 1288 results, this was reduced to 10. They could conclude, from looking at these 10 studies that exercise has a moderate effect on depression levels. Within these studies, all participants were at least 18 years old. Their results showed a 0.61 reduction in the standard deviation of the 10 studies after initial exercise was carried out. Limitations of this study are that due to the fact the participants had all been diagnosed with clinical depression, it limited the number of participants. Of the studies that were used, 7 studies used only aerobic exercise, 1 used just resistant exercises and 2 used both aerobic and resistance exercises. When the data was analyzed, they concluded there was a 0.61 change in the standard deviation. There was no statistical significance between the aerobic and resistance groups so this data was merged together. This review concluded that exercise could potentially be a good addition to anti-depressants. Kvam, Kleppe, Lykkedrang, Hilde and Hovland, (2016) carried out a similar systematic review exploring randomized controlled trials. The aim was to explore exercise as a treatment for depression. They researched for databases for relevant scientific trials and 23 trials were used. They had a combined total of 977 participants. From these 23 trials, they could conclude that exercise can have a moderate to large effect on depression when compared to control conditions giving a g-value of -0.68. Whilst this is good, upon a follow-up, this had gone down to -0.22 making it largely insignificant. A g value is a way of measuring the differences in standard deviations (McDonald, 2014). Some of the limitations of this could be that some trials may have overexaggerates the results unintentionally. All patients used were clinically depressed so this may not give an accurate representation for most of the population. This shows that exercise may influence depression levels but increase is limited . Cooney et al. (2013) agree that exercise may have an affect but this may be very minimal. They add that there is no evidence to decide if exercise has more of an effect than conventional medicines. Jaffery, Edwards and Loprinzi (2017) carried out a randomized control intervention and the aim was to evaluate the effect of exercise on depression. The way they carried this out was to split the group of 88 participants into 4 groups of 22. Their mood scores and levels of depression were taken before and after exercise had been done using the POMS questionnaire (Mackenzie, 2001). This is a very good questionnaire that helps to work out the levels of certain moods in someone. Jaffery, et al. (2017) state in the table included in the report that report overall mood was increased, lowering the scores on the tables. It was also reported that depression levels were decreased as well. They found that by doing a small amount of exercise (5/ 10 minutes) it is possible to vastly increase mood levels. Dusseldorp et al., (2010) agree with the fact a small amount of exercise could help improve the levels of depression. The main limitation of this study is that it does not have many participants leading to a risk of over concluding that the results are relevant for the population. Danielsson, Papoulias, Petersson, Carlsson and Waern (2014) created a three-armed randomized control trial of evaluating the effect of 2 add-on treatments, exercise and basic body awareness therapy (BBAT) (Skjà ¦rven Sunda, 2015). This trial has 62 participants that were all on anti-depressants (Danielsson et al., 2014). These were then split into 3 groups, 2 intervention groups and 1 control group. The groups had 10 weeks of aerobic exercise or BBAT. The main assessment figures were levels of depression in the candidates. This was measured using the MADRS scale (Williams Kobak, 2008). The results were taken by a blinded assessor so that they could be impartial. The results after the intervention group partook in exercise was a reduction in MADRS score by -10.3. With the highest score being 60 (FDA, 2007), a reduction by 10 is very good. Some limitations of this could be the fact there was a relatively small size of sample and people may have been overly optimistic with how their depression levels had changed. This agrees with the results about that exercise can have a positive effect on severe depression but a lot of persuasion would potentially be needed to motivate somebody to do this. Carvalho et al., (2011) looked at the impact of moderate exercise on depression. This article was a two-armed study. Initially 150 people were interviewed for the trial but this was cut down by random selection to 33 participants. These participants were then put into 2 groups, 11 used just antidepressants and 22 people participated in exercise. The 22 participants taking up the exercise took part in daily walks for 30-45 minutes for 12 weeks. One of these was assisted with a research fellow. The exercise group had an average reduction of 6 .84 on the hamd17 scale (GlaxoWelcome, 1997) This is not very high but it still implies that there is a benefit of using exercise as a treatment for depression. Of the exercise group 25% of the group had remission but there was no way to conclude that this was due to the exercise. There was a very limited amount of people used, with only 33 it is hard to made statistically significant results. Carvalho et al., (2011) concluded that if people stuck to the strict 12-week exercise program it may lead to a lower level of depression alongside with anti-depression tablets. Chandler et al., (2012) explored the effects of forced exercise as a treatment alongside anti-depressants. They used 361 people who had all visited their GP with self-diagnosed symptoms of depression who were then assessed by the GP. All candidates were required to have a score of 14 on the Beck scale (APA, 2016). It was a 2-arm parallel intervention. The main measurement was self-measured depression levels using the beck scale. This was followed up after 4, 8 and 12 months as well as this their depression symptoms were checked 8 and 12 months after. After collating, all of the data and summarizing it, there was no statistically significant change. There was a mean beck score reduction of 0.54. The people within the intervention group reported an increase in physical activity. It was also noted that the exercises had not reduced the number of anti-depressants people were taking. For this information, they were able to conclude that there was no real benefit of partaking in this form of exercise for depression levels. Due to the trial using 361 people it is fair to say this could e an accurate representation of population on a local level. The vast majority of literature found had a limited amount of people being used in the trials. (Danielsson et al., 2014), (Carvalho et al., 2011) and (Jaffery et al., 2017) all used less than 100 participants in their studies. This makes it very difficult to use the data for creating a definitive conclusion. Some of the data that was used was very specific, Silveria et al, (2013) used only research projects that had severe depression and not low to medium depression. This would make the results less relevant for the rest of people with depression but not classed as severe. The purpose of this literature review was to examine if exercise can be used as an effect treatment for depression. From looking at the evidence, over the last 5 years more and more research has been done around this field and this will continue to keep going. The clear majority of the articles that have been viewed above have concluded that along anti-depressant drugs, exercise can have a positive effect on depression. In most cases this just reduced it but in one, some of the candidates lots their depression symptoms all together (Carvalho et al., 2011). Whilst this was the case, many reports very limited improvements in depression levels that were difficult to conclude were solely down to the exercise. References   APA (American Psychological Association). (2017). Depression. Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org/topics/Depression/ Carvalho, Serafim; Fonte, Daniela; Mota-Pereira, Jorge; Ramos, Joaquim; Ribeiro, Jose Carlos; Silverio, Jorge. (2011) Moderate exercise improves depression parameters in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of psychiatric research. Vol 45 Is 8. Pgs 1005-1011. Chalder Melanie, Wiles Nicola J, Campbell John, Hollinghurst Sandra P, Haase Anne M, TaylorAdrian H. (2012). Facilitated physical activity as a treatment for depressed adults: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012; 344 :e2758 Cooney, Gary M; Dwan, Kerry; Greig, Carolyn A; Lawlor, Debbie A; Rimer; Jane; Waugh, Fiona R; McMurdo, Marion; Mead, Gillian E. (2013). Exercise for Depression. Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group. Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6 Danielsson, Louise; Papoulias, Illas; Petersson, Eva-Lisa; Carlsson, Jane; Waern, Margda. (2014) Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression: A controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders. Vol 168. Pgs 98-106 DoH (Department of Health). (2011). Physical activity benefits for adults and older adults. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541233/Physical_activity_infographic.PDF DeRubies, Robert J; Siegle, Greg J; Hollon, Steven D. (2008). Cognitive therapy vs. medications for depression: Treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. Vol 10. Pgs 788-796 Evans, J.; Macrory, I.; Randall, C. (2016). Measuring national wellbeing; Life in the UK. Retrieved from: www.ons.gov.uk/peopelpopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/measuringnationalwellbeing/2016#how-good-is-our-health FDA (Food and Drug Administration). (2007) Description of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/briefing/2007-4273b1_04-descriptionofmadrshamddepressionr(1).pdf GlaxoWelcome (1997) The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Retrieved from: http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/mhealth/HAMD.pdf Jaffery, Annese; Edwards, Meghan; Loprinzi, Paul. (2017). Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Rochester. Vol.92.3, pgs 480-481 Kvam, Siri ; Kleppe, Catrine Lykkedrang ; Nordhus, Inger Hilde ; Hovland, Anders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15 September 2016, Vol.202, pp.67-86      Ã‚   Mackenzie, B. (2001) Profile of Mood States (POMS) Retrieved from: https://www.brianmac.co.uk/poms.htm [Accessed 22/3/2017] McDonald, John. 2014. Handbook of Biological Statistics. Sparky House Publishing, Maryland. Retrieved from: http://www.biostathandbook.com/gtestgof.html# Mental Health Foundation. (2016). Fundamental Facts About Mental Health. Retrieved from: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publication-download/fundamental-facts-about-mental-health-2016 Nice (2016) Treatments for mild to moderate depression. Retrieved from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/ifp/chapter/treatments-for-mild-to-moderate-depression Salehi, Iraj ; Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad ; Haghighi, Mohammad ; Jahangard, Leila ; Bajoghli, Hafez ; Gerber, Markus ; Pà ¼hse, Uwe ; Kirov, Roumen ; Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith ; Brand, Serge. (2014) Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol.57, pp.117-124 Silveira, H ; Moraes, H ; Oliveira, N ; Coutinho, ESF ; Laks, J ; Deslandes, A. (2013). Neuropsychobiology. Vol.67(2). pp.61-68 Skjà ¦rven, Liv Helvik; Sunda, Mary Anne. (2015) Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) Movement Awareness, Everyday Movements and Health Promotion in Physiotherapy. Retrieved from: http://fysioterapeuten.no/Fag-og-vitenskap/Fagartikler/Basic-Body-Awareness-Therapy-BBAT-Movement-Awareness-Everyday-Movements-and-Health-Promotion-in-Physiotherapy Williams, Janet B W; Kobak, Kenneth A. (2008) Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery-Ã…sberg Depression Rating Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Vol 193. Pgs 52-58 World Health Organisation (WHO). (2016). Mental health: A state of well-being. Retrieved from: www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/

Oedipus: Fate Is Unavoidable :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

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Pricing strategy Essay

Home depot is a store dealing with home appliances and other household consumables. I will look at the pricing strategy of refrigerators. Most prices of different brands of refrigerators are set to match the prices of their competitors. This is because mostly the competitors are operating in the same environment. it is essential to offer better quality brands with the same price as competitors. However when setting the price, the objective is to ensure profitability of the firm is taken care by the price set. The profit firm must incorporate capital requirements and the associated gains that cover the expenses of the organization. Always the profit considered in price setting is equals to price less cost of sales. While capital gains is equivalent the current assets and fixed assets running costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In choosing the target, market for refrigerator is made during the construction of sores. However the in which they are operating attracts the customers. Take an example of the New York most people have excess disposable income to spend and there are utilities that support the refrigerator in almost all homes.   The company has reported that they have high expectation in the stead rise through to 2025 for product. Another important factor in the increase of consumers are the aging population with large pensions and young business executives with more excessive funds. In fact, this two groups forms an important consumer segment of home depot refrigerators. The customer has carried the consumer assessment they have adapted market oriented determination and differential.   References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schaik J.L., (2002); The Task of Marketing Management; J.L. van Schaik (Pity) ltd

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Free Essays on The Talented Mr Ripley

In Patricia Highsmith’s The Talented Mr. Ripley, Tom Ripley’s underlying desire to start a new life, and become a successful man leads to the eventual death of Dickie Greenleaf. Tom’s jealousy, along with his infatuation of Dickie, became so overwhelming that he began to obsess over Dickie’s life. Tom would constantly try to please Dickie, and win over his affection; though Tom soon learned that he would never be able to compete with Marge and this drove him over the edge. Tom Ripley sailed to Italy on behalf of Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Greenleaf, the parents of Dickie Greenleaf. Mr. Greenleaf had approached Tom and informed him that he would put up all the money for a trip to Italy, if Tom would attempt to convince his son to return home to the states. It did not take Tom long to make up his mind, because this was the fresh start he had been looking for. He was already in trouble with the law, so Europe would be a good excuse to get away for a while. Tom accepted, and upon his arrival in Italy, he was immediately overwhelmed by his new found surroundings. For the first time in Tom’s life, he had the chance to start over, and to make something of himself. It was time that he said, â€Å"goodbye to all the second-rate people he had hung around and had let hang around him the past three years in New York† (p 34). There was nothing but opportunity in front of Tom Ripley, and he intended to take advantage. It took some time for Tom to win over Dickie’s friendship. Tom confessed to Dickie the real reason why he was in Italy: â€Å"it was his one last chance to amuse Dickie or repel him, to make Dickie burst out laughing or go out and slam the door in disgust† (p 56). This brought a smile to Dickie’s face and led to the eventual friendship that developed between the two of them. Although it is obvious from the beginning of this friendship that Tom would constantly be the one trying to please Dickie. After all, â€Å"... Free Essays on The Talented Mr Ripley Free Essays on The Talented Mr Ripley In Patricia Highsmith’s The Talented Mr. Ripley, Tom Ripley’s underlying desire to start a new life, and become a successful man leads to the eventual death of Dickie Greenleaf. Tom’s jealousy, along with his infatuation of Dickie, became so overwhelming that he began to obsess over Dickie’s life. Tom would constantly try to please Dickie, and win over his affection; though Tom soon learned that he would never be able to compete with Marge and this drove him over the edge. Tom Ripley sailed to Italy on behalf of Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Greenleaf, the parents of Dickie Greenleaf. Mr. Greenleaf had approached Tom and informed him that he would put up all the money for a trip to Italy, if Tom would attempt to convince his son to return home to the states. It did not take Tom long to make up his mind, because this was the fresh start he had been looking for. He was already in trouble with the law, so Europe would be a good excuse to get away for a while. Tom accepted, and upon his arrival in Italy, he was immediately overwhelmed by his new found surroundings. For the first time in Tom’s life, he had the chance to start over, and to make something of himself. It was time that he said, â€Å"goodbye to all the second-rate people he had hung around and had let hang around him the past three years in New York† (p 34). There was nothing but opportunity in front of Tom Ripley, and he intended to take advantage. It took some time for Tom to win over Dickie’s friendship. Tom confessed to Dickie the real reason why he was in Italy: â€Å"it was his one last chance to amuse Dickie or repel him, to make Dickie burst out laughing or go out and slam the door in disgust† (p 56). This brought a smile to Dickie’s face and led to the eventual friendship that developed between the two of them. Although it is obvious from the beginning of this friendship that Tom would constantly be the one trying to please Dickie. After all, â€Å"...

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The role of Intelligence in the formulation of government policies Essay Example for Free

The role of Intelligence in the formulation of government policies Essay Introduction Espionage is the secret collection of information, or intelligence, that the source of such information wishes to protect from disclosure. Intelligence refers to evaluated and processed information needed to make decisions. The term can be used with reference to business, military, economic, or political decisions, but it most commonly relates to governmental foreign and defense policy. Intelligence generally has a national security connotation and therefore exists in an aura of secrecy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Espionage, or spying, is illegal according to national laws. Spying proceeds against the attempts of counter-espionage (or counter-intelligence) agencies to protect the secrecy of the information desired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International espionage methods and operations have few boundaries. They have been romanticized in popular fiction and the mass media, but in reality, espionage exists in a secret world of deception, fraud, and sometimes violence. Espionage involves the recruiting of agents in foreign nations; efforts to encourage the disloyalty of those possessing significant information; and audio surveillance as well as the use of a full range of modern photographic, sensing, and detection devices and other techniques of eliciting secret information (see C. S. Trahair, Richard. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intents of this paper are to: (1) trace how espionage started; (2) know the justification and international sanction of intelligence; (3) know the recruitment agents; (4) be aware how espionages are gathered; (5) be acquainted espionage agencies and networks; (6) be informed how espionage during the 19th century and early 20th century; (7) know the role of espionage during World War II and Modern Era; (8) realized how is espionage in politics and industry; (9) learn about the   Espionage Act of 1917; (10) know about Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as one of the agencies of intelligence and; (11)   know about its implications of modern technology. Background How espionage started?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intelligence was early recognized as a vital tool of statecraft—of diplomacy or war. Writing almost 2,500 years ago, the Chinese military theorist Sunzi stressed the importance of intelligence. His book The Art of War (c. 500 BC) gave detailed instructions for organizing an espionage system that would include double agents and defectors. Intelligence, however, was haphazardly organized by rulers and military chiefs until the rise of nationalism in the 18th century and the growth of standing armies and diplomacy (see T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999). III. Discussion Justification and International Sanction of Intelligence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to adopt and implement foreign policy, plan military strategy and organize armed forces, conduct diplomacy, negotiate arms control agreements, or participate in international organization activities, nations have vast information requirements. Not surprisingly, many governments maintain some kind of intelligence capability as a matter of survival in a world where dangers and uncertainties still exist. The cold war may have ended, but hostilities continue in parts of Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Indeed, the collapse of old political blocs in the late 1980s has even increased international uncertainty and consequent need for information (see Carney, Ralph M. Citizen Espionage: Studies in Trust and Betrayal. 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All nations have laws against espionage, but most sponsor spies in other lands. Because of the clandestine nature of espionage, no reliable count exists of how many intelligence officers—only a small percentage of whom are actually spies—there are in the world. A common estimate is that the United States today still employs some 200,000 intelligence personnel. The number that was generally ascribed to the Soviet intelligence establishment in the 1980s was 400,000, a figure that included border guards and internal security police (see T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999). The recruitment agents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, scores of developed nations have efficient intelligence organizations with systematic programmes for recruiting new agents. Agents come from three main sources: the university world, where students are sought and trained for intelligence careers; the armed services and police forces, where some degree of intelligence proficiency may already have been attained; and the underground world of espionage, which produces an assortment of people, including criminal informers, with relevant experience (see Bungert, Heike Et Al. Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those who do the actual spying, which may involve stealing information or performing disloyal acts of disclosure, are led to this work by various motivations. Greed or financial need is a leading incentive in many cases, but other motivations, such as ambition, political ideology, or nationalistic idealism, can figure importantly: Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky, a highly placed Soviet officer, provided valuable information to Western intelligence services in the belief that the West must be warned of danger. H. A. R. (â€Å"Kim†) Philby, the notorious English spy, worked for the Soviet Union on ideological grounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some spies must be carefully recruited and enticed into cooperation; others volunteer. The latter must be handled with extreme caution, as it is common for double agents to be among the volunteers. Double agents are spies who pretend to be defecting, but in reality maintain their original loyalty. Counter-intelligence staffs are always sceptical of volunteers or defectors and restrict their use for positive espionage purposes. In some cases, the most valuable spy of all is the â€Å"agent-in-place†, the person who remains in a position of trust with access to highly secret information, but who has been recruited by a foreign intelligence service; such a spy is known as a â€Å"mole† (see Herrington, Stuart A. Traitors among Us: Inside the Spy Catchers World, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A high-priority espionage target is the penetration of the various international terrorist organizations. If the leadership of such units can be infiltrated by spies, advance knowledge can be obtained of the location and identity of intended victims, the nature of the disguises being used by the hit team, and the secret sources of weapons. Such information could be used to foil terrorist operations. International drug trafficking, it has been asserted, can similarly be thwarted by effective espionage, but the problem is complex, and only limited success has been achieved. How espionages are gathered?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intelligence work, including spying, proceeds in a five-step process. Initially, what the decision makers need to know is considered, and requirements are set. The second step is collecting the desired information, which requires knowing where the information is located and who can best obtain it. The information may be available in a foreign newspaper, radio broadcast, or other open source; or it may be obtained only by the most sophisticated electronic means, or by planting an agent within the decision-making system of the target area. The third step is intelligence production, in which the collected raw data are assembled, evaluated, and collated into the best possible answer to the question initially asked. The fourth step is communicating the processed information to the decision maker. To be useful, information must be presented in a timely, accurate, and understandable form. The fifth and crucial step is the use of intelligence. The decision maker may choose to ignore the information conveyed, thus possibly courting disaster; on the other hand, a judgment may be made on the basis of information that proves inaccurate (see Hulnick, Arthur S. and Valcourt, Richard R. Fixing the Spy Machine: Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-First Century, 1999).The point is that the decision maker must make the final crucial judgment about whether, or how, to use the information supplied. The intelligence process can fail at each or any of these five basic steps. Espionage Agencies and Networks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The worlds intelligence, espionage, counter-intelligence, and covert action programmes may be said to follow three distinct organizational patterns: the American, the totalitarian (exemplified by the Communist regimes), and the British (parliamentary) systems. Similarities exist among them, yet distinctions are sharp.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the United States the Central Intelligence Agency continues to sit at the corner of an elaborate complex of some dozen separate intelligence organizations. Each has a specific role and a carefully guarded area of operations. The director of central intelligence is both head of the CIA and the presidents principal intelligence adviser. In the latter job the director theoretically coordinates all the separate intelligence units, setting their requirements, budgets, and operational assignments. In reality, many of the major units in the system—such as the Defense Intelligence Agency and the huge National Security Agency/Central Security Service, both part of the Department of Defense—operate in quasi-independence. The National Security Agency, which engages in code making and code breaking, the science of cryptography, is much larger in staff size and budget than the CIA (see Marchetti, Victor and Marks, John D. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, 2001). The military also maintains a major tactical intelligence capability to assist field commanders in making on-the-spot decisions. Other major units in the US intelligence system include the State Departments Bureau of Intelligence and Research, the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department of Justice. The US model influenced the intelligence structures of those countries where the United States was dominant at the end of World War II, such as West Germany (now part of the united Federal Republic of Germany), Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast to the federated American intelligence structure, the typical totalitarian setup is highly centralized. In the Soviet Union, the power of the KGB pervaded every aspect of national life. Its director was generally a powerful member of the Politburo (the governing political committee of the USSR). The KGB had two chief directorates. The most important was the First Directorate, which was responsible for foreign intelligence gathering. The Second Directorates principal responsibilities involved providing counter-espionage protection to the regime and recruiting foreign agents within the Soviet Union. Its targets included diplomats and journalists stationed in the USSR, foreign students, business people, tourists, and visiting delegations (see Macpherson, Nelson. American Intelligence in War-Time London: The Story of the Oss, 2003).Most Eastern European governments followed the KGB model in their intelligence operations. China, Cuba, and other Communist nations still do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third model of intelligence systems is the British, a confederation of agencies coordinated by a Cabinet subcommittee and accountable to the Cabinet and prime minister. The two principal units are the Secret Intelligence Service (often called MI6, signifying â€Å"military intelligence†) and the Security Service (popularly called MI5). These labels reflect the military origins of these services, which are now in the civilian sector. MI6 is similar to the CIA and the KGB in that it carries out espionage, counter-espionage, and covert action overseas. MI5 is charged with domestic counter-intelligence and internal security. Scotland Yard maintains a â€Å"special branch†, which operates as the overt arm of the security service; it makes arrests and offers evidence in espionage cases while MI5 agents remain in the background. A number of specialized units also operate within the British intelligence community. These include the Government Communications Centre (for code making and breaking), the Ministry of Defense intelligence sections, and various Foreign Office intelligence groups. With some national variations, the intelligence services of France, Italy, Israel, and the Commonwealth of Nations countries follow the general British pattern of organization (see Macpherson, Nelson. American Intelligence in War-Time London: The Story of the Oss, 2003). During the 19th century   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political espionage is thought to have first been used systematically by Joseph Fouchà ©, duc dOtrante, minister of police during the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon. Under Fouchà ©s direction, a network of police agents and professional spies uncovered conspiracies to seize power organized by the Jacobins and by Bourbon Royalist à ©migrà ©s. The Austrian statesman Prince von Metternich also established an efficient organization of political and military spies early in the 19th century. Better known than either of these organizations was the dreaded Okhrana (Department for Defence of Public Security and Order) of the Russian tsars, created in 1825 to uncover opposition to the regime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the mid-19th century the secret police of Prussia was reorganized and invested with the duty of safeguarding the external as well as the internal security of the country. The Prussian espionage system played an important part in preparations to unify the German states in the German Empire. It also covered France with a network of about 30,000 agents whose work contributed to the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Not until the latter part of the 19th century, however, were permanent intelligence bureaux created by modern states (see T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999). Early 20th century   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Systematic espionage aided the Japanese in defeating the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. In preparing for World War I the Germans again flooded France with a host of agents, some of whom were disguised as trade representatives, teachers, agricultural labourers, or domestics. The most famous of these agents was Mata Hari, who posed as an Indian dancer in Paris. German agents also engaged in attempts to sabotage American national defense both before and after the US entry into World War I.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most nations, however, entered World War I with inadequate espionage staffs, and the war was frequently fought on the basis of poor intelligence. The lessons of that war, along with rapid advances in technology, especially in communications and aviation, spurred a major growth in intelligence agencies. This was further stimulated by the advent of Fascist governments in Europe and a military dictatorship in Japan, all of which had expansionist foreign policies and the creation of counter-espionage agencies such as the Gestapo in Nazi Germany. These developments led other, democratic countries to establish counter-espionage systems as well (see Hulnick, Arthur S. and Valcourt, Richard R. Fixing the Spy Machine: Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-First Century. 1999). Espionage during World War II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   World War II was the great stimulus to intelligence services worldwide. Modern military and communications technology put a premium on accurate and quick information, as well as on efforts to protect the security of sensitive information. Some of the great battles of World War II were actually intelligence and counter-intelligence battles. Only in recent years have some of the exploits, and failures, in this secret war been disclosed. Notable is Operation Double Cross, in which the British captured practically all the German spies in Great Britain during the war and turned them into double agents who sent false information back to Germany. Also, the British and their allies were able to break the German secret code, providing access to many of the enemys secret transmissions (see Sexton Jr., Donal J. Signals Intelligence in World War II: A Research Guide. 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The surprise attack by Japan on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was a great intelligence success for the Japanese and an intelligence failure for the Americans. That failure stimulated the post-war growth of a massive intelligence apparatus in the United States. Before World War II the United States had virtually no intelligence system; after the war the CIA became world famous for its pervasive international surveillance, joining the MI6, the KGB, the Service de Documentation Extà ©rieure et de Contre-Espionage of France, Israels foreign intelligence agency Mossad, Chinas Social Affairs Department, and numerous other intelligence agencies in a massive network of espionage and counter-espionage efforts (see Sexton Jr., Donal J. Signals Intelligence in World War II: A Research Guide. 1999). Modern Era   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the mid-1970s, as a result of disillusionment with the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and the policies of dà ©tente, many Americans began to question the role of the CIA. Mass-media disclosures of intelligence agency abuses and failures were followed by investigations by presidential commissions and congressional committees, which resulted in new guidelines for secret operations and a new structure for executive and legislative supervision. Controversy over the CIAs role and control remains, however. One result is an ever-increasing amount of public information about intelligence services around the world (see â€Å"Espionage†. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 342-347, vol. 5). In Britain, MI5 remained unrecognized by statute until 1989, and MI6 until 1994. Espionage in Politics and Industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intelligence and espionage are terms most commonly associated with national foreign policies, yet secret information is needed to make decisions in politics, commerce, and industry. Political parties have always been interested in the strategic plans of their opponents or in any information that might discredit them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most large corporate enterprises today have divisions for strategic planning that require intelligence reports. Competitive enterprises are undeniably interested in the plans of their competitors; despite laws against such practices, industrial espionage is difficult to detect and control and is known to be an active tool for gaining such foreknowledge. Many of the tools of government intelligence work are used, including electronic surveillance and aerial photographic reconnaissance, and attempts are even made to recruit defectors (see â€Å"Espionage†. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 342-347, vol. 5). Espionage Act of 1917   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Espionage Act of 1917 is a principal United States legislation prohibiting espionage for a foreign country and providing heavy penalties for such activity. As amended in 1940 and 1970, it is still in force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1917 law provided steep fines and imprisonment for collecting and transmitting to foreign power information related to US national defense and for interfering with the recruitment or loyalty of the armed forces. Use of the US mail for material urging treason or resistance to US laws was prohibited; sabotage, especially of trading ships, was subjected to severe penalties; the movement of neutral ships in US waters was regulated (in order to stop such vessels from shipping arms or supplies to an enemy country); and the fraudulent use of passports as well as the unauthorized representation of a foreign government were prohibited. An important amendment to the law, usually called the Sedition Act, was passed in 1918 but repealed in 1921; it forbade spoken or printed attacks on the US government, Constitution, or flag (see â€Å"Intelligence†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. 431-437, vol. 7).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the outbreak of public hysteria following the US entry into World War I, the 1917 and 1918 laws permitted about 1,500 trials and prison sentences; freedom of the press was curtailed. In 1919 this led US Supreme Court justices Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and Louis Brandeis to state the principle, later much cited, that unpatriotic speech and publications were illegal only if they constituted a â€Å"clear and present danger† to national security.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1940 revision of the Espionage Act increased its penalties. The application of the law to propaganda was limited by a Supreme Court decision in 1944. During World War II about 160 people were convicted under the Espionage Act. Also under this act, the American Communists Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of spying and executed in 1953 (see â€Å"Intelligence†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. 431-437, vol. 7). Central Intelligence Agency   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), agency of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, created in 1947, together with the National Security Council. The CIA is Americas first permanent peacetime intelligence agency responsible for keeping the government informed of foreign actions affecting the nations interests. It was established by the National Security Act of 1947 and is charged with coordinating all US intelligence activities, as well as such functions and duties related to intelligence as directed by the National Security Council (see Darling, Arthur B. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government, to 1950. 2002). A director and deputy director of the agency are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate (see Hulnick, Arthur S. and Valcourt, Richard R. Fixing the Spy Machine: Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-First Century, 1999). History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The CIAs original mission was primarily intelligence gathering, but after Communist takeovers in Eastern Europe and mainland China, the National Security Council directed that the agency engage in political, covert psychological, paramilitary, and economic operations. United States participation in the Korean War (1950-1953) placed additional requirements on the CIA to support the combat forces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the period from 1953 to 1961 the CIA was at the height of its cold war activities, carrying out continuous foreign intelligence, counter-intelligence, political action, and propaganda operations. In late 1961 the CIA was reorganized to put more emphasis on science, technology, and internal management. The agency was heavily committed in the war in South East Asia. In 1963 an Office of National Intelligence Programs Evaluation was established to coordinate community activities; this was replaced in 1972 by an Intelligence Community Staff (see Lowenthal, Mark M. U.S. Intelligence: Evolution and Anatomy, 1999). Activities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is divided into four main directorates, or branches. The Directorate of Operations conducts covert activities around the world. The Directorate of Science and Technology interprets data gathered from electronic transmissions, spy satellites, and other sources. The Directorate of Intelligence produces analyses for policy makers by synthesizing information from the CIA and other federal agencies. The Directorate of Administration oversees the agencys finances and personnel and monitors internal security.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The activities of the CIA are many and varied. Clandestine collection of vital information that cannot be obtained by any overt means requires recruiting agents who can obtain the needed intelligence without detection. Intelligence reports from all sources are reviewed by analysts who produce studies ranging from basic surveys to estimates of future developments. Current intelligence of major importance is detailed in daily, weekly, or monthly bulletins. Periodic projections concerning key nations are presented as national intelligence estimates (see Lowenthal, Mark M. U.S. Intelligence: Evolution and Anatomy, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The CIA is also responsible for counter-espionage activities. Its mission is to prevent the placement of foreign agents in sensitive US agencies; domestically this work is coordinated with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Covert political operations have ranged from subsidizing friendly foreign politicians, parties, or pressure groups to providing assistance in combating subversion. Paramilitary operations support certain exile forces with training and equipment; one example was the CIAs support of Cuban exiles before and during the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modern technology has increased the capabilities of intelligence collection. In the 1960s high-altitude aircraft introduced a new era of aerial photography; this was quickly followed by transmissions from space satellites. Similarly, underseas intelligence work was advanced by vessels capable of raising a submarine from great depths (see Lowenthal, Mark M. U.S. Intelligence: Evolution and Anatomy, 1999). Controversy and investigations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All clandestine activities are considered abhorrent by some people. Many, however, recognize secret intelligence collection necessary to protect national security. Generally, people support covert political activities in times of crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of the CIA director as the principal US intelligence officer and coordinator of activities of the other agencies has often been in dispute. Over the years frequent proposals have been made to divest the head of the CIA of the coordinating role and assign that function to a member of the White House staff.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The CIA has been investigated a number of times by various task force groups, one of which in 1949 recommended major reorganization of CIA operations. Following the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed a group to analyze the failure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1975 the CIA came under extensive Congressional and White House examination. It was found that the agency had been engaged in â€Å"unlawful† domestic spying activities and had been implicated in assassination attempts abroad. As a result of these investigations, permanent Congressional committees were established to oversee CIA operations. By 1980 these committees had exclusive jurisdiction over review of CIA activities (see Marchetti, Victor and Marks, John D. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By 1986, however, the agency was involved in a new controversy concerning the secret sale of arms to Iran and the disbursement of monies from the sale to the rebels (known as the Contras) fighting the government of Nicaragua. The late CIA director William J. Casey, among others, was suspected of being implicated in the arms scandal. As the 1990s began, the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the dissolution of the USSR led the CIA to revise its mission and organization to meet changing world conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United States government released the first of three batches of classified documents expected to shed light on relations between Chile and the United States during the 1970s in June 1999. These documents included reports by the Central Intelligence Agency referring to covert operations intended to promote a military coup and overturn the government of President Allende.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was further criticism for the CIA after the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001, when it was accused of not having done enough to warn of, and possibly prevent, the impending disaster. Over the following months the organization was subsequently given extra powers and resources to conduct increased covert operations as part of the war on terrorism; it also began to develop closer ties with the FBI (see T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999). Conclusion Implications of Modern Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All forms and techniques of intelligence are now aided by an accelerating technology of communications and a variety of computing and measuring devices. Miniaturized cameras and microfilm have made it easier for people engaged in all forms of espionage to photograph secret documents and conceal the films. Artificial satellites also have an espionage function—that of aerial photography for such purposes as detecting secret military installations. Information held or programmes running on computers are vulnerable to penetration by hackers, whether acting independently or for other bodies. The vanguard of these developments is highly secret, but it is known that telephones can be tapped without wires, rooms can be bugged (planted with electronic listening and recording devices) without entry, and photographs can be made in the dark. Of course this same technology is used in countermeasures, and the competition escalates between those seeking secret information and those trying to protect it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In foreign embassies in sensitive areas, confidential discussions routinely take place in plastic bubbles encasing secure rooms, to protect the confidentiality of information. Intelligence agencies have long been known to be staffed with expert lip readers. Privacy of communications remains under constant assault by technological developments that offer threats to, but perhaps also promises for, human progress. References C. S. Trahair, Richard. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations, 2004. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. T. Richelson, Jeffrey. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 1999. Oxford University Press, New York. Carney, Ralph M. Citizen Espionage: Studies in Trust and Betrayal. 2001. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. Bungert, Heike Et Al. Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. 2003. Frank Cass. London. Herrington, Stuart A. Traitors among Us: Inside the Spy Catchers World, 1999. Presidio Press, Novato, CA. Marchetti, Victor and Marks, John D. The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, 2001. Dell, New York. Hulnick, Arthur S. and Valcourt, Richard R. Fixing the Spy Machine: Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-First Century, 1999. Praeger, Westport, CT. Sexton Jr., Donal J. Signals Intelligence in World War II: A Research Guide. 1999. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. Darling, Arthur B. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government, to 1950. 2002. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA. Macpherson, Nelson. American Intelligence in War-Time London: The Story of the Oss, 2003. Frank Cass, London. Hulnick, Arthur S. and Valcourt, Richard R. Fixing the Spy Machine: Preparing American Intelligence for the Twenty-First Century, 1999. Praeger, Westport, CT. â€Å"Espionage†. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 342-347, vol. 5. â€Å"Intelligence†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. 431-437, vol. 7. Lowenthal, Mark M. U.S. Intelligence: Evolution and Anatomy, 1999. Praeger, Westport, CT.