Research Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Method - Essay ExampleHowever, the Internet, on the other hand, introduces a radical world for unethical behaviour. Whereas e-commerce has undergone extensive growth in last 10 years, consumers concerns about ethical issues continue to increase, as well. Even many businesses and consumers are revelling in e-commerce business issues linked to online purchasing and selling become the negative side of the matter.E-Commerce is the capability of an organisation to have a lively online presence that allows the organisation to gallop out its business electronically, basically having an electronic/online shop. Goods/services can be advertised, vended and paid for all electronically devoid of the need for the buying to be bear on by an actual human being (Shivani and Grewal 167). Because of the vastness of online advertising, a website can be open to millions of individuals the world over for almost zero cost and with selective information being capable of changing almost instant ly, the website can, at all times, be updated with all the newest products to match with clients demands (Berthon et al 261). The major advantage of E-Commerce is its ability to offer salutary shopping transactions through the internet and besides instant authentication, as well as validation of credit card transactions (Shivani and Grewal 167). Ethics, in contrast, is the part of philosophy, which studies what is right and also what is wrong. Ethical rules are regulations to follow in people interactions with others and in their actions, which impact others. They apply to everyone and are meant to attain fine results for individuals and situations, in popular not only for ourselves, and not only for a single situation (Berthon et al 261). Business ethics is involved with the several ethical questions, which managers must articulated lorry as part of their day to day business decision-making (Shivani and Grewal 167).Acting ethically is normally practical since most of

Ratio Analysis of Hcl Tech Essay Example for Free

Ratio Analysis of Hcl Tech EssayIt provides software-led IT solutions, remote foundation management and BPO services, focused chiefly on transformational asidesourcing. The company leverages its extensive offshore infrastructure and global network of offices in 31 countries to deliver solutions across selected verticals including m adepttary services, retail and consumer, life sciences, aerospace, automotive, semiconductors, telecom, media publishing and entertainment. HCL takes pride in its philosophy of Employees First, Customers Second which empowers their 84,403 employees to create a real value for the customers.HCL Technologies, along with its subsidiaries, had consolidated revenues of US$ 4. 5 billion, as on 31st March 2013. HCL Leadership team 2. Objectives of Study Development of industries depends on several factors such as financial, personnel, technology, quality of product and marketing. fiscal aspects assume a signifi rottert role in determining the growth of in dustries. All the companys operations virtually affect its need for cash. almost of these entropy covering operations area are however outside the direct responsibility of the financial executives.The firm whose present operations are inherently difficult should try to makes its financial compendium to enable its management to stay on top of its working position. In this context I am pioneer financial ratio analysis of HCL Technologies to examine and understand financial performance of the company. Using ratio analysis this project will provide the insights of * The growth and education of HCL Technologies for last 5 eld (FY 08-12) * The behavior of liquidity and profitability of HCL Technologies * The factors determining the liquidity and profitability of HCL TechnologiesScope The scope of the study is limited to financial data published in the annual reports of the company every year. The analysis is done to suggest possible solutions for financial growth of the organizatio n. This study is carried out for 5 years (2008-2012). Also data provided by external agencies are used for analysis of future predication. 3. Concept of Financial Statement amp Ratio Analysis 2 3. 2 Financial StatementTo understand the information contained in financial accounts with a view to know the strength or helplessnesses of the organization, to make forecast approximately future prospects and thereby enabling the management and external parties to take different decisions regarding the operations. Fundamental analysis has a very broad scope. One aspect looks at the general (qualitative) factors of the company. The other side considers tangible and measurable factors (quantitative). This means crunching and analyzing numbers from the financial educational activitys if used in conjunction with other methods, quantitative analysis can produce excellent results.Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is the method or process by which relationship/group of items in the financial statem ent are computed, determined and presented. Ratio analysis is an attempt to derive quantitative measure or guides concerning the financial health and profitability of business trys. Ratio analysis can be used both in trend and static analysis. Purpose of several ratios depends on the objective of analysis. A financial ratio measures a companys performance in a specific area. For example, you could use a ratio of a companys debt to its equity to measure a companys gearing.By comparing the gearing ratios of two companies, you can determine which company uses greater debt per equity. You can use this information to make a judgment as to which company is better investment risk. However, you must be careful not to place too much importance on one ratio. You obtain better indication of the direction in which a company is moving when several ratios are taken as a group. Ratios are worked out to analyze the following aspects of an enterprise a. Solvency i. Long term ii. Short term iii. Imm ediate b. Profitability c. Operational Efficiency d. Credit standing e.Effective practice of resources f. Investment Analysis 3. 4 Significance of Ratio Analysis in Financial Statement Ratio analysis is very important in divine revelation the financial position and soundness of the business so used by various parties * Management The group that has the most interest in financial statement analysis is management. Management needs to discover quickly any area of mismanagement so that corrective action can be quickly taken. It mainly helps in * Decision making Ratio analysis helps in making decision from the information provided in these financial Statements.Financial forecasting and planning preparedness is looking ahead and the ratios calculated for a number of years a work as a guide for the future. * Communicating The financial strength and weakness of a firm are communicated in a more easy and understandable manner using ratios. * Co-ordination Better communication of efficiency and weakness of an enterprise result in better co-ordination in the enterprise * Control The weaknesses are otherwise, if any, come to the knowledge of the managerial, which helps, in effective control of the business. * Investors or ShareholdersInvestors are provoke in financial statements to evaluate current earnings and to predict future earnings. Financial statements influence greatly the price at which stock is bought and sold. * Lenders Bankers before granting loans commonly require that financial statements be submitted. Whether or not a loan is made depends heavily on a companys financial set and its prospects for the future. * Employees Employees are mainly concerned about the profitability. Their salaries and increments are dependent on the profit made by the company. * Government

Drunk Driving Essay Example for Free

Drunk Driving Essay slew that get in trouble for ride under the influence should have their licenses revoked forever. They put innocent peoples lives in danger for their own enjoyment. They also put their own lives in danger. speed of light and thousands of people die every year due to drunk driving incidents. Sometimes the people causing these tragedies, get the privilege to labour on our streets again. Does this run right? Should we really risk other peoples lives just so this person is allowed to drive again? I dont hold so. Why should these people be rewarded with their licenses after putting innocent peoples lives in danger? Why should these people have the ability to drive on the streets? Driving is a privilege, that can and should be taken away.There were 11,773 deaths caused by drunk drivers in 2008. 32% of all car accidents in the U.S. ar caused by drinking and driving. .216 children under the age of fourteen were killed in 2008 because of people getting behind the wheel after consuming too much alcohol.It is merely the right thing to do, to take away the licenses from these people forever. They have lost their privilege and should not have it given back to them.A few age ago, on my aunt and uncles wedding day, my aunt was killed. They were on their way to their honey moon when they were hit straight on by a drunk driver. She died instantly. It was traumatizing for my uncle, the appease of my family, and all of my aunts friends. They lady that hit them is currently in jail, and result be for another twelve years. She will have her license revoked forever. The way it should be. But will that really keep her off the streets when she gets out of prison? We dont know. Drunk driving is wrong and unacceptable. It is selfish and careless, and should not be treated with ease. People caught doing this should be punished severely.

Leadership Theories and Organisational Direction

leaders Theories and Organisational DirectionManagement hold inership mood matters a tie in deciding fate of an organisation. These demeanors are reflected in both long term and short term strategies of the company. Considering the importance of precaution and leading style lot of i weighogue came up with their philosophies. Some of them consider charismatic personality of loss leader the key to success while other considers team persist the best solution. This report is organism produced for the directors of NEWG to explain various management and leadership concepts. It shows how these theories back end affect instituteing of an organization and can play a decisive role in the acquisition of organisational objectives. If applied in relevance to the exacts of organization can lead to ultimate success. leadership Theories and Organizational DirectionEvery organisation is setup with near objectives in mind. It can be profit earning, charity, law enforcing or voluntary , whatever the objective it reflects in the policies of an organisation. Leadership sets the direction for an organisation and management ensures to implement policies that lead organisations to achieve set goals. Keeping in mind aims of organisation antithetical management theories can be adapted to support core objectives that set the style of management in an organization.Trans make forational Leadership TheoryInitially developed by James McGregor Burns in the decade of 1970, the possibility gained a lot of popularity among line of merchandise realism. This theory has four constituents i.e. charismatic personality, encouragement through pauperism, intelligent inspiration and personalized attention.Being charismatic means leader has qualities that curl people almost him. It can be leaders personality, sex appeal, style of communication, vibrant, robust and authoritative presence.Take an example of Martin Luther King, an activist and strong American leader who stood for the A frican American civil right cause. Such leadership with their excellent communication skills persuade people for change. They bring the idea that existing system is not helping them sink their problems and they strike to adopt new strategies. They motivate people to think differently, create new ways of doing things that is where the word transformational comes from. Such leaders show a lot of care for people focus on their needs and touch their concerns. This way they try to inveigle hearts of their followers, because change is a difficult thing to grasp. mint feel relaxed in their old environments and it is utmost difficult to change someones habits. This needs a lot of effort and commitment without which it would be impossible to bring more(prenominal) or less change.Having good personality, vision, inspiration through motivation and personal attention to audience are excellent traits for a good leader. This helps superchargeing sympathies of people who exit because work whole heartedly to achieve objectives. This dodge is especially very effective when an existing system is not working very well and there is need to change. only for this system to work, leadership should adopt very good noesis and understanding of the environment in which organisation is operating. This is era of information and if the leadership is not conscious(predicate) of all that is happening in the meet it cannot persuade people. Second thing that needs consideration is that leader should understand different situations and proceed accordingly because actions which are suitable for one environment need not be the best fit in some other surroundings. Thirdly facts alone ordain not help changing minds of the people notwithstanding the leadership should have very good communication skills to convey their idea. Last but not least fetching people into consideration is another important factor because nothing can be achieved without contribution of followers. To achieve s ympathies of people, one needs to show concern and charity with them, coordinate with them on personal terms. Change is a painful thing and majority of people resist change. In order for a venture to be successful the most important requirement is that people are ready to adopt change which is only possible if they understand that the person in-charge of change i.e. leadership has a heart to feel their concerns. Otherwise merciless change will face strong resistance and will not achieve its ultimate goal.This is excellent, constitute effective theory of management that can be applied at off-white Bits and workings on the principles of transformational theory company can achieve faith, consignment and hearts of workers that would enormously improve the efficiency in Milky Bits.Transactional Leadership TheoryAs described by Bernard M. Bass in 1981, transactional leadership is establish on performance proceeds. Tasks are assigned to the employees and if they are successful they a re rewarded else punished, i.e. transaction, exchange as a result of performance.Rather than relying on the concept of motivation as described in transformational theory it brings about the idea of incentive and penalty. It develops kind of dealingship between leader and follower that is doing as directed. If an employee performs his / her task face-off the deadline, within budget and as per directives of its jitney, employee will get benefits. If the employee someway misses to achieve what was required, he would be punished. This is an extreme type of relationship and shows reactive approach of management.This theory is focused on authority of manager who sets the rewards / punishments for short term goals. In order to work it effectively the manager should all the way identify tasks that are in line with the overall objectives of organisation and provide sufficient resources to member of staff while assigning tasks. coach-and-four should have enough authority and control to reward or punish subordinates and he should continually monitor the actions of subordinates. According to the theory, employees have single objective for job i.e. to get incentive that is mainly in the form of financial benefits but it could be something else akin recognition or promotion etc.Enticements are the most powerful driver for workers to sign on their tasks wherefore wakefully designed target incentive system can improve workers output in Milky Bits. Although it is a short term solution, because if used for good it can develop a culture where no one will work without clear incentives, but it can bring good results if managers succeed to clearly identify tasks that lead to ultimate objectives. Assign these tasks to the relevant employee, provide them with all sufficient resources and give them proper training. It can produce excellent results for Milky Bits, which is ripening organisation, in very short period of time. charismatic TheoryGerman sociologist Max Weber in 1920 introduced Charismatic Theory that revolves around personality that has traits to attract followers. These could be natural God gifted attributes that sets them apart from general public like their family / religious background, their sex appeal, their vision and dynamism of their personality. Besides that some qualities can be learnt like good analytical and communication skills. Without having authority or powers gathers people around him, as a matter of fact charismatic leader uses the power of people. Such leaders have the ability to understand mood of people and design their acts accordingly. People blindly faith and follow their leader which is bulky achievement for any leader.Later on Conger and Kanungo in 1998 described Charismatic Leader is one having attributes of vision and communication, compassion to the environment, care to the needs of people, try-taker and doing un-usual things. thusly charismatic leader should have the ability to foresee the future i.e. visi on. He should be able to effectively communicate with people because if he has some ideas but cannot convince the general public it would be waste. He should understand the environment in which he is working because different situations need different form of action. Charismatic leader should understand feelings and needs of the people for this he should involve with the people, understand and realise their problems and understand their requirements. Without strong understanding of peoples issues it is difficult to motivate them. Leader is flashlight bearer of change, in this respect this theory is closely linked with transformational theory, but change is a difficult phenomenon. First of all people normally have strong resistance for change and secondly you can anticipate to some extent but nobody is cent per cent sure about the vector sum of change. Things can go wrong at point, for this very reason a leader should be bold risk taker. Leader is a person who takes unanticipated lasts at critical times because difficult situations need tough decisions. Ordinary people dont expect such decisions to be taken hence Conger and Kanungo added risk taker and un-usual decision maker as the traits of charismatic theory of leadership.This theory could prove to be very effective in certain kind of situations. When there is need of some strong decision and there is no time to negotiate with people. If such decisions come from a person whom everyone trusts, gives respect and has blind faith in him it would be easy to implement such decisions. It is a cost effective solution as people following their leaders merely on the root of their followership. This means you dont need to give them incentives to do something rather they are doing most of the things voluntarily. But this needs a very strong personality having all the traits to win hearts of people.This can prove to be successful, effective and cost efficient method of management at Milky Bits.Contingency TheoryEar liest contingence theory presented by Fiedler suggests that that there is no ideal way of organizing things. Different type of actions needs to be taken in different situations.This theory is different from other theories based on characteristics of leaders or reward system and focuses on the situational aspects. It describes that management decision are affected by various factors like working environment, kind of task at hand and position of the manager at that very time. When taking some decision it is wise to understand the surrounding and visualise the impact of certain actions that could affect the entire process. It is also important to consider nature of task, like if something is very important and time bound it would need different strategy than one needed to perform routine tasks. Also important to consider is the power position of manager because in organisations there are lot of ups and downs. If manger is not in authoritative position or feels he would face bitter cri ticism he should avoid taking elusive decisions.Verbal meaning of the word contingency is something that is cause by some other incident but in this theory it suggests line of action taken by management keeping in view environment created by people working in a certain situation. Although it is exceeding theory to deal with certain awkward situations it heavily relies on streamlining actions with the group environment. Its success largely depends on exposure and willingness of group member to put their efforts for the achievement of organisational objectives.It is very utilizable idea to tailor acts according to situations in order to get maximum benefits of situation rather than sticking with strict and static policies. Managers at Milky Bits should be trained to respond different situations accordingly. This will help improve companys performance and take corrective decisions at the time of need. This will help avoiding conflicts between management and employees and further to avoid any untoward situation creating chaos in the working environment.Situational TheoryThis theory presented by Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey suggests that managers should use different styles depending upon situations. Manager should have strong ability to analyse different situations. They should understand capability of their subordinates and keeping in view the existing circumstances, managers behaviour could be different with the alike(p) person at different times. According to Blanchard and Hersey leadership style is characterized by extent of support and direction given by manager to subordinates.At wooden leg 1 manager defines the roles and responsibilities of employees, assigns tasks to them and then closely supervises or monitors them. In this scenario choices are made by manger hence most of the communication is one-way. Employees are act to do their tasks diligently but they need direction and support from their seniors.At 2nd stage manager still defines roles a nd responsibilities but with consultation of sub-ordinates. Communication is somehow two-way. Employees are competent in their area of expertise but lack commitment so supervision is needed. Manager takes their consultation which increases their confidence and sense of universe involved makes them more committed.At level 3 leaders focus less on tasks and more on relations, they discuss situations with their sub-ordinates and leave them with their strategy to do the tasks. This technique works with employees who are competent enough to do the tasks independently but due to lack of confidence need support of their superiors.Level 4 is a stage where sub-ordinate has both competence and commitment, so manager although has authority and control on decisions delegates these to the sub-ordinates. Sub-ordinate himself takes decisions and has total control of project / task. It is up to him to involve manager or not.Effective managers use these level as and when required at particular stage s. There is no set pattern but only forward-looking capability of manager sees which path to take in a particular scenario.Such a policy could be helpful for Milky Bits as it will help managers understand capabilities of their staff and assign tasks to them accordingly. It will also benefit the organisation in staff development by following different levels handsome them appropriate guidance and support building confidence on them that will help them work independently on upcoming tasks.Vroom and Yettons Normative determineVroom and Yetton suggested Narrative Model as There are number of alternatives to deal with any situation. Leader should have the ability to select the best cream in any situation. It also proposes that while selecting the best possible course of action willingness of employees should also be given weight.This theory assumes that acceptance of decision increases its forte and commitment. Also willingness of employees adds to the acceptance of decisions taken by managers.Vroom and Yetton also identified decision procedures as follows.Firstly manager uses his own exposure to take decision this strategy is useful if acceptability among employees is not very important, manager has enough knowledge and exposure about the subject area, secondly manager seeks information from his sub-ordinates and then takes decision this is useful when manager does not have enough information and needs enough first hand information, thirdly manager shares problem with sub-ordinates individually, seeks their judgment to reach some decision this is useful when some of the employees have expert knowledge of the subject domain that will help manager reaching a good decision fourthly discusses the issues with sub-ordinates in groups to come at conclusion when all the employees have same level of knowledge and manager intends to benefit from their knowledge and tries to bring harmony in his team members and fifthly puts these issues before sub-ordinates as a grou p and bases his decision on the consensus of employees this strategy targets on the acceptance of employees more than the quality of decision taken.One wrong decision taken at critical stage can be decisive for an organization. Management at Milky Bits should be given appropriate training to deal with such situations that will help the organization to come out beneficent at the time of crisis.Tri-Dimensional Leadership Theory (Yukl)Yukls tri-dimensional theory suggests that there is no set course of action which will be successful in all the circumstances. It is management and leadership who decide what action to take at a particular time. It heavily relies on effectiveness and efficiency, human resource relations and innovation adaptation.If managements focus is effectiveness and efficiency, its strategy will be task-oriented. To improved efficiency first step is that everyone should know his roles and responsibilities, what is expected of him / her. This clear cut job assignment will help an employee concentrate on his job and facilitate managers to evaluate employees performance. This will improve sense of responsibility and employees will be more focused on their job roles which will improve their effectiveness and efficiency.In case of human resource relations, strategy will be relations-oriented. Management will try to build good relations with employees in order to come closer with them, understand their views and negotiate with them. This helps management obtain 1st hand knowledge of employees problems and come up with solutions that will win the hearts of employees. This involvement of employees and their participation in decision making will help them do their tasks with more motivation and achieve organisational goals and objectives.Innovative and adaptation style is required when an organization is in need of change. Management will sort out new ways of doing things. Change is the only constant thing in nature, internal external factors both infl uence an organisation to change its strategies to survive and thrive in business. This needs strong thinking and analysis followed by careful decision making.This theory suggests that leaders should be able to analyse the situations and they should be flexible enough to meld their strategies accordingly. Leaders should have strong analytical and symptomatic qualities to determine strategy most relevant to situation.New Leadership StrategyReviewing all research and findings of previous theorists and being student of Strategic Management Leadership if I am asked to develop my own strategy, I would suggest following 3 points.Leadership should have strong knowledge of subject area and exceptional relationship with their followers.Motivate followers combining organisational objectives with the goals of individuals. Give them respect reward.Management should always have plan B to work around un-acceptable situations and they should involve sub-ordinates to pay off these contingency pla ns.Leadership should lead by example, their words will worth more if they themselves follow what they ask their followers to do. No strategy will work if followers are un-satisfied. Respect and financial gains are instinct for every human being. It should be made sure that employees benefit from prosperity of organisation. Business world is ever-changing, stagnant policies and leadership will suffer in this dynamic environment so leadership should be innovative enough to counter these challenges. If possible leadership should involve followers in policy changes.

Effect of Communication on Practitioners and Service Users

Effect of Communication on Practitioners and Service UsersStanding still enough to absorb the emotional shock absorber of (service make use ofrs) experiences is something that allows the achievement undercover beneath the frozen state of psychological hypothermia to emerge in a toler satisfactory way at the right time. (Kohli, 2007, p. 180).This study will trade the relevance of Kohlis statement above to the discussion on the effective conference with accompanied bush league. The paper will number 1 define the term exclusively minors. It will then provide a definition of dialogue, then identify and examine its main theoretical perspectives. The paper will unpack the substance of Kholis quotation by advancing a discussion of the importance of timing when mildewing with isolated minors and the intricacies involved in navigating the sometimes harrow and emotional experiences of alone minors. The paper will besides examine the issue of ease and how this reflects a stat e of being frozen in time with unaccompanied minors and will interrogate methodologies for delving below these issues, in a timely manner while ensuring that the service feels safe revealing their a good deal locked away emotions. whole these factors will be examined in the context of how converse scum bag impact both the practitioner and the service user and how managing each factor effectively is inseparable to unlocking hidden feelings, emotions and trauma from which unaccompanied minors whitethorn suffer. The paper will draw on contemporary literature to empirically ground its arguments.Both the linked Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) defines unaccompanied asunder 18 years of get on or under a countrys legal age of majority, atomic number 18 separated from both p atomic number 18nts, and are not with and being cared for by a guardian or other adult who by law or custom is responsible for them. This includes mino rs who are without any adult care, minors who are entirely on their own, minors who are with minor siblings but who, as a group, are unsupported by any adult responsible for them, and minors who are with in clod foster families. (United Nations 2007)More recently, on that point have been a plethora of studies examining the psycho brotherly and twenty-four hour period to day needs after they arrive in Western countries.Communication is said to be a knotty concept to trap down by way of definition because of its umteen convolutedities, forms and application to e realthing. For the purposes of this paper, the definition provided by Fiske (19902) that communication is social interaction finished messages, provides a good offset point to examine the concept in relation to unaccompanied minors. Thompson (2003) contends that the social aspect of communication is vital to consider because individuals interact within a social quadruplet and the nature of this communication dictat es the nature of a relationship or how that relationship develops or breaks down.Thompson (2003) navigates various theoretical model of communication by outline on the work of other scholars. He identifies Shannon and Weavers 1949 definition of communication which locates 3 elements The transmitter ( individual who starts communication), noise (the actual message communicated, and the receiver (the person who the message is communicated to). This definition has received ample criticism for oversimplifying a difficult concept wherein communication is not always contagious by noise but also through silence and body language.In addressing these omissions, the semiotics model was advanced as an alternative. In this model, communication is described by Cobley (2001) as a form of semiosis which is concerned with the exchange of any messages whatsoever from the molecular code and the immunological properties of cells all the way through to vocal sentences. This definition introduces othe r aspects quite an than the spoken word into the communication discourse and Miller (1973) articulates that communication includes not only the study of spoken communication among people, but also the many kinds of unspoken communication that go on constantly when people interact. In this respect, communication also encompasses culture, because culture determines shared norms and values, language and ultimately these norms affect how development is communicated or transmitted. Thompson (2003) draws on Pierre Bordieaus concept of cultural capital found on the strength of exponent bases, to explain how culture and power batch interact to determine how information is understood and communicated, because it informs the semantics of language and the formation of identity. The identification of language as a prominent variable in any communication discourse is inescapable because as Thompson (2003) states, language does not only reflect reality, but it also constructs reality. This fact is elucidated when certain words or actions communicate a task, or certain actions communicate joy, distress or uncertainty, as is postulated by the speech act theory. Similarly, identity is informed by cultural norms and values, and determines how individuals view themselves and how they reach to others.It is this connection between culture, identity, language and power which informs the foundations of the discussion on how practitioners give notice cut through the difficulties of intercultural communication barriers to advert usually traumatized unaccompanied minors. Intercultural communication skills in the social work discipline, is fraught with difficulties. Husbands (2000) maintains that the various biographical routes and stories of practitioners does interact in the social space of service users and can affect how information is communication based on how trust is fostered when communicating to service users that difference will be accepted and not judged. Kohli (200 6) deftly describes the undefended unaccompanied sister who arrives in a revolutionary country and who is reticent about divulging details to practitioners. He, a enormousside other scholars (Kohli and Mather 2003 Beek and Schofield 2004) observes that unaccompanied squirtren often remain quiet, or emotionally closed about their past. He writes that such children have usually been told over and over by others to remain quiet about themselves in order to keep safe. Kohli (2001, 2006, 2007) insists that it is imperative that social work practitioners gain skills that enable them to probe the past of unaccompanied asylum children, in order to truly understand their needs. Kohli do its that demands to meet targets faced by modern day practitioners, whitethorn interfere with the time they need to build trust and safely pry open the thoughts of unaccompanied minors. In visible light of this, the nature of their silence and the impact their experiences whitethorn have had on them must be explored, before addressing how social workers should time their intervention to open communication and prompt life histories from unaccompanied minors.The silence displayed by unaccompanied minors should not be immediately adjudged to be because they are hiding harmful secrets. In fact, scholars such as Finkenauer et al (2001), surrounds that the charge of secrets are normal adolescence developmental characteristics. However, the literature on silences among refugee children often points to explanations of fear and the silencing effects of war on children. Psychological studies (Melzak 1992) contend that children often bury intense hurt, pain or vent in order to survive, some to the extent that they can forget some tied(p)ts or the sequence of events as a self-abnegation mechanism. The risk of acting out buried emotions in a harmful way, compels many practitioners and scholars to argue for methodologies to unlock these stories which according to Kohlers quotation, pre sented at the beginning of this paper, may be in a frozen state of psychological hypothermia, wherein they are unable to communicate their hidden pain. Papadoupolos (2002) posits that this frozen state could be purposely oblige to assist in healing and may be necessary to allow affected children the space to reflect, make sense of and accept before being able to move on successfully. Kohli (2006) therefore views this silence as both burdensome and protective, and it requires a skillful practitioner to know when to encourage unaccompanied minors to open up.Krause (1997) and Rashid (1996) both warn against social workers rushing to conclusions about unaccompanied minors based on their cultural backgrounds and what is known about their country of origin. counsel on organizational targets and not the knobs needs first, may result in the practitioner missing the cultural contexts of the minors experiences, within specific times and risks simplifying complex information that may be tra nsmitted without adequate reflection on the communication experience overtime. In order to determine when it is appropriate to prompt for hidden information or stories from unaccompanied minors, social workers must recognize that such children may be trying to be accepted within a overbold culture while suffering a loss from their own (Kohli and Mather 2003). Therefore, social workers must be observant and reflective (Schn 1987, 1983) to determine when a child is assimilated enough and trusting of the practitioner service user relationship to reveal any hidden stories of their past lives. Richman (1989) also reminds that many unaccompanied children are very resilient because of their experiences and they may be busy trying to figure out their next move, or how to survive within a new environment and culture, or thinking about their asylum status, than they are interested in reliving past experiences which do not in their estimation contribute to their present survival.Consequently, practitioners are encouraged to engage in therapeutic witnessing (Kohli and Mather 2003) rather than feeling the need to wring past experiences from unaccompanied minors. In drawing on Blackwell and Melzak (2000), Kohli and Mather (2003 206) statesIn essence, workers are asked not to become action orientated helpers in the face of muck and bullets, but stay still enough to bear the pain of listening to stories of with child(p) loss as they emerge at a pace manageable for the refugee.While Kohli acknowledges that it is difficult for a practitioner to remain still and allow a discovery by drip process to unfold with the refugee, he maintains that it allows refugees to exorcise their demons and ghosts in the process of self-recovery (Kholi and Mathers 2003). This does not diminish the level of practical support that workers should laissez passer to refugees, in fact it is through assisting to order their lives, that they will also make sense of their past and be more willing or open to manduction information about themselves. However, if and when refugees begin to share their experiences, practitioners must be versed on skills to encourage such interaction and should also be cognizant of their own reactions and judgement which can also be communicated to the client nonverbally and affect the drip method of divulging information. It is to these issues which this paper now turns.Relationship based interaction between service users and practitioners remain central to the core value of social work and reflect its go around work out. Holloway (2003) concurs with this view by asserting that conversations between practitioner and client dictate how the trust relationship is formed and how the worker is emboldened to assist the client. In this context, a discussion on emotional scholarship (EI) and its importance to the communication process is relevant. Morrison (2007) quotes Golemans 1996 definition of EI as Being able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations to control impulse and delay gratification to dumbfound ones moods and keep distress from swamping the ability to think to empathize and to hope. This delayed gratification is applicable to the need for social workers to allow unaccompanied minors the space to understand themselves and their new realities while making sense of their past. It requires spacious empathy and being able to perceive and identifying feelings in the self and others. Morrison (2007) links emotional intelligence and successful social work as being able to be conscious of the self while establishing good communication channels with the refugee. Morrison advises that social workers must be in tuned with their own prejudices and assumptions because many vulnerable clients such as unaccompanied minors are used to reading body language and silent communication signs to determine whether they should trust individuals. Therefore practitioners must determine that their methods of practice reinforc e good communication values rather than downplay them.One of the first methodologies used by the social work practitioner is that of sound judgement. Assessment frameworks in the UK give little space for the exploration of histories (Morrison 2007). Consequently, the emotions which compel youth behaviour is often not deeply understood from unaccompanied minors, especially since they may be silent and initially provide minimal normative sketches of their past. Accurate contemplation during sagaciousness will take notation of feelings which may hide deeper emotions and record the moments when these windows into the past were glimpsed or sensed. Much can also be gain by the observation that expression is wind of emotion, as this may also be an indicator that the unaccompanied minor realize that communication certain emotions in their language may give the practitioner space to questions their past and they may be skilled at hiding such feelings in their language and tone. If infor mation from the refugee is sparse and void of emotion, the practitioner should make extra effort to be reflective in practice to ensure that their own perceptions or impressions are not being transmitted to the client. Goleman et al (2002) articulates that there is a situation of dissonance when one party feels like the other is out of touch with their feelings. The Audit Commissions 2006 herald (p.66) into the treatment of unaccompanied children, demonstrates how practitioner bias can affect the level of treatment given to refugee childrenMany unaccompanied children have multiple needs because of their experiences of separation, loss and social dislocation . . . Yet in many sides they do not receive the same standard of care routinely afforded to indigenous children in need, even though their legal rights are identical.Practitioners must therefore guard against treating unaccompanied minors as another client, because the literature identifies them as being curiously in tune to a ll forms of communication within the interaction process, and they use this as a guide on who, when and how to trust.A vital part of the assessment is the converseing of the unaccompanied minor. Wilson and Powell (2001 1) maintain that a childs thinking is dependent on a number of factors including memory, conceptual development, emotional development and language formation. They further assert that there are three aspects to remembering information knowledge, sequencing and prioritizing. They contend that practitioners must seek to gain all three trough safe methods when interviewing and practice patience. It is important to note their guidance that a memory may not always be told in the right sequence, and be prioritized according to the present needs of the child or in the case of this paper the unaccompanied minor. Furthermore, they remind us that a childs memory may not be accurate, this could be advisedly so (as already explored by Kohli 2006), and they argue that it is up to the interviewer to use a method of questioning when appropriate to maximize the accuracy of responses.The Achieving Best Evidence in Criminal Proceedings (2007) document which provided information on interviewing children stated that interviewers must approach the interview with an open mind and that enquiries should not increase the distress of a child by allowing them to reluctantly relive bad experiences. Similarly, the 1998 Cleveland Inquiry Report suggests that All interviews should be conducted by a professional with child interview instruction Interview questions should be open-ended There should be one and no more than two interviews for the purpose of assessment and it should not be too long the interview should be paced by the child not the adult among others and it is recommended that the both the police and the social worker (if necessary) interview the child at the same time. These guidelines ensure that the interview adopts a child-centered approach. Another method that is advised with unaccompanied children is the phased interview approach.The phased interview approach is structured in three parts the introduction and initial rapport establishment, the free narrative section and questioning section where the child is given space to communicate, alongside being questioned, and the closure of the interview. It is important to prepare children for the interview, through pre-interview contact to lessen any stress which may arise from being fearful of the process. Children should get ample time to consider whether they wish to share their stories or keep them locked away. Furthermore, the skill to actively listen is paramount to a social work practitioner as it not only assists with accurately observing, but it assures the child that what they are saying is being heard (Wilson and Powell 2001). To assist in accuracy, the interviewer should reflect back the childs responses to them for affirmation of clarification paying particular(prenominal) c harge to maintaining neutral body language and tone while doing so (Thompson 2002). However, Wilson and Powell (2001) maintain that if a term is not familiar to the interviewer or seems like slang, the interviewer should make all effort to clarify its meaning with the child in order to maximize accuracy and assist in avoiding possibilities of intercultural communication. Bradford (1994) further posits that the interviewer has the responsibility to ensure the validity of the communication process by pursuing the statement validity analysis (SVA). The SVA checks that the testimony contains no contradictions or logical inconsistencies, the abundance of details, the accuracy of contextual evidence which may be verifiable, the ability to reproduce conversations and interactions and the presence of complicated obstacles. However, Davies (2006) warns that while this tool may be useful, it is not a accurate fix, particularly in the case of silent children who may choose to withhold traumat ic information (Kohli 2006).Wilhelmy and Bull (1999) argues that the use of drawings within interviews with child by practitioners should be encouraged where appropriate because it also provides assurance to the child that the interviewer is child centered. If this method is used, the interviewer must be very observant that this method does not make the child uneasy. While drawing may presents many opportunities to further question the child, the practitioner must as Kholis quotation suggests be extremely patient to unlock information and allow the interview to be paced by the child, thereby giving them space to trust the interviewing process. A childs comfort with drawing, ay actually provide an opening to more difficult or painful areas and care should be taken to note and protect the childs wellbeing and level of distress when painful information is disclosed. The use of role play and storytelling also offers unique methodologies to social workers to assist children in disclosing painful information.Outside of the interview process, Chamberlain (2007) recounts the use of storytelling by the Medical Foundation for the bring off of Victims of Torture to assist refugee children from war torn countries to unlock their deeply buried painful memories when they are ready. He quotes Sheila Melzack the centers consultant child and adolescent psychotherapist as sayingMany are in a state of suspended animation because they do not know whether they will be forced to bribe home. We are trying to give them coping strategies to deal with all these issues. But instead of saying directly what they saw or did we deal with it through displacement. They can be extracted through stories which create safe arenas to talk about these issues.Therefore, Chamberlain (2007) and Davis (1990) asserts that stories can be utilized as a therapeutic intervention method to assist unaccompanied children to recall incidents, not necessarily airing them, but developing coping strategies that assist in building resilience in a new environment.There are however, instances where unaccompanied children come from countries whose language differ from that of the receiving country. Gregory and Holloway (2005) maintain that language is used both to grant and restrict access to a clubhouse or organization. Chand (2005) identifies the lack of adequate interpreting and translation serve within the UK social work sector. Chands research located many instance where the services of interpreters and translators were needed but they did not show, usually because of lack of resources, so they prioritise which cases they believe are more important such as more formal case conferences. Humphreys et al (1999) found that many interpreters left case conferences and assessment early, or that interviews or conferences may be rushed because of lack of resources. In light of the previous discussion on the need for social workers to be patient and allow unaccompanied minors to work through past recollections until they are in a space to share, this practice of rushing sessions to facilitate interpreters, is detrimental to the communication process between practitioner and the unaccompanied child and could discourage disclosure and produce trust issues.As was discussed earlier in the theoretical section of this paper, language is closely related to power and can be used to control and forge discourses and effect social control, based on its ability to include or exclude. The client-practitioner relationship is one in which the practitioner asserts their professionalism and therefore must take great care that such imbalance of power is not misunderstood by the client or imposed on them to hinder effective communication (Gregory and Holloway 2005). entirely children, who have suffered trauma are usually used to being victimized by relationships of power imbalances, and therefore the social worker must always recognize that the relationship with such individuals is aimed a t building their resilience and capacity to adjust to all or any part of their new environment.While keeping practice client focused, recent years have seen the introduction of numerous guidelines, new legislation and policy changes which require the adherence and commitment of the social work practitioner. some(a) critics (Young 1999 Malin 2000), debate that social work has become mediatory and managerial under modern day guidelines and stipulations which risk the developing of solid client-practitioner relationships and the development of trust. While Gregory and Holloway (2005) argue that the language of such guidelines can be interpreted as the social control of the social work profession which ultimately seeks to fix the meanings of grounded work with vulnerable clients to suit political agendas. loving workers must remain committed to the ethic of the profession and promote good social work values by ensuring that such language of control is not transferred from the manageria l spheres to what Schn (1983) terms as the trenches of social work, that is, the interpersonal communication with clients. It is this regard that social workers must be certified of the power of language in working with unaccompanied minors, and ensure that the practice language is not dominated by a controlling or power induced thrust, but recognizes the vulnerability of clients and their need to slowly build trust and thaw their emotions (Kohli 2006, 2007).As with language, the relations between social work practitioners and other services, can directly affect relationship with unaccompanied minors and how they trust the professionalism of those who communicate to them that they care. The death of eight year-old Victoria Climbie presents an example of how the lack of effective communication between professional practitioners can result in harm, especially to children from foreign cultures. The Laming Report of 2003, an inquiry into Victorias death concluded that the young girls d eath could have been avoided if individual social workers, police officers, doctors and nurses who came into contact with the girl, had effectively responded to Victorias needs. The National Service textile for Children and Young People (NSF) and the Common Assessment Framework (CAF), both strive to ensure the effective communication between service providers across sectors. Glenny (2005) states thata lot of inter-agency collaboration is not about collaborative exercise as such, but about communicating effectively with regard to individual pieces of work , ensuring patchwork of individual effort in relation to a particular case, made senseEnsuring proper communication between agencies when dealing with unaccompanied minors, is therefore essential to build trust in the client-practitioner relationship (Cross2004) and to remove any doubts the minor may have that the capillaries of power that agencies appear to be, will work for their benefit and well being and not contribute to any further using they may have suffered.It is therefore conclusive to say that the issue of managing effective communication is absolutely essential to successful social work practice with unaccompanied minors. The paper navigated the theoretical intricacies of the concept of communication to highlight its broad nature and how culture, language, body language and even silence are powerful communication tools tapped into by both practitioner and the unaccompanied minor in establishing boundaries of trust. One of the most evident revelations of this paper, is the need for practitioners to practice patience to allow unaccompanied minors the space to unlock their hidden stories, while providing them with support for their daily needs. Furthermore, the issue of intercultural communication difficulties that lack of interpreting and translation resources can cause in fostering best practice with accompanied minors was explored and it was identified that despite the lack of resources, unaccom panied minors are better served when they are not rushed for their hidden experiences. Finally, the paper identified the how the language of managerial control within social work can hinder best practice, if control of power imbalance is communicated even non-verbally to unaccompanied minors, who are very attuned to detecting such relations in order to protect themselves.ReferencesBeek, M., Schofield, G. (2004) Providing a Secure Base in Long-term Foster Care. capital of the United Kingdom, British Association for Adoption and Fostering.Bradford, R. (1994) developing an Objective Approach to Assessing Allegations of Sexual Abuse. Child Abuse Review, Vol. 3 (2), 93-106.Chamberlain, P. (2007) Tell it like it was. Young People Traumatised by wildness are Confronting their Past through Storytelling. Community Care, 5-11th April.Chand, A. (2005) Do You Speak English? Language Barriers in Child Protection favorable conk out with Minority ethnic Families. British Journal of Social Work , Vol. 35, 807-821.Criminal Justice System (2007) Achieving Best Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. capital of the United Kingdom The Stationery Office.Cobley, P. (2001) The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics. London Routledge.Cross M. (2004) Children with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. London Jessica Kingsley.Davis, N. (1990) Once Upon a Time Therapeutic Stories. Nancy Davis Publications.Davis, G. (2006) Statement Validity Analysis An Art or a information? Commentary on Bradford. Child Abuse Review, Vol. 3 (2), 104-106.Finkenauer, C., Engels, R., Meeus, W. (2002) Keeping Secrets from Parents Advantages and Disadvantages of Secrecy in Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 31 (2), 123136.Fiske, J. (1990) Introduction to Communication Studies. (2nd Edition). London Routledge.Glenny, G. (2005) go the Dragon Developing Inter-Agency Systems for Supporting Systems. Support for Learning, Vol. 20 (4), 167-175.Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A. (200 2) Primal Leadership, Boston Harvard Business School Press.Gregory, M., Holloway, M. (2005) Language and the Shaping of Social Work. British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 35 (1), 37-53.Husbands, C. (2000) Recognising Diversity and Developing Skills The Proper Role of Transcultural Communication. European Journal of Social Work, Vol. 3 (3), 225-234.Humphreys, C., Atkar, S., Baldwin, N. (1999) Discrimination in Child Protection Work Recurring Themes in Work with Asian Families. Child and Family Social Work, Vol. 4, 283-291.Kohli, R.K.S. (2006) The Sound of Silence Listening to What Asylum-seeking Children Say and do not Say. British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 36 (5), 707-721.Kohli, R. (2001) Social Work with Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Young People. Forced Migration Review, Vol. 12 (1), 3133.Kohli, R. (2000) Breaking the Silence. Professional Social Work, June 2002, 69.Krause, I.B. (1997) Therapy crosswise Cultures. London Sage.Laming WH. (2003) The Victoria Climbi Report. London St ationery Office. Accessed on January 10, 2008 at www.victoria-climbie-inquiry.org.uk/finreport/finreport.htm.Malin, N. (2000) Professional Boundaries and the Workplace. London Routledge.Melzak, S. (1992) Secrecy, Privacy, Survival, Repressive Regimes, and Growing Up. London Anna Freud Centre.Miller, G. (1973) Communication, Language and Meaning Psychological Perspectives. pertly York prefatory Books.Morrison, T. (2007) Emotional Intelligence, Emotion and Social Work Context, Characteristics, Complications and Contributions. British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 37 (2), 245-263.Papadopoulos, R. K. (ed.) (2002) Therapeutic Care for Refugees. No Place like Home, London Karnac.Richman, N. (1998b) Looking Before and After Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the West. In P.J. Bracken C. Petty (Eds.) Rethinking the Trauma of War. London Save the Children.Schn, D. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Schn, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. New York Basic Books.Thompson, N. (2003) Communication and Language. Hampshire Palgrave.United Nations (2007), Report No. A/52/273. Report of the United High Commission for Refugees, Questions Relating to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons and Humanitarian Questions Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors. Accessed at http//www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-273.htm.Wilhelmy, R., Bull, R. (1999). Drawing to Remember The Use of Visual Aids to Interview Child Witnesses. Practitioners Child Law Bulletin, 12, 66-69.Wilson C and Powell M (2001) A communicate to Interviewing Children. London Routledge.Young, J. (1999) The Exclusive Society. London Sage.

Construct Theory of Personality | Analysis

Construct Theory of disposition AnalysisDescribe Kellys ain construct scheme of record, and comp ar this admission with some other psychological theories of temper.Over the years psychologists have developed different theories to define observable differences in persons personalities (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). The history of temperament psychological science datedates vack for man centuries and has been traced as far as four centries before Christ (Cervone, 2013). Earlier records of personality theories all tended to have a philosophical grounding. Suc as Aristotle who believed that personality could be broken down into four facors, iconic which ddepicted an privates cordial place within society (Ryckman, 2012).). During the mid 18th century personality theories began to move towards meurological assumptions to exempt behaviour and personality which adopted an anatomy perspective, for example Gall argued that by measuring the skull explanations could be drawn regardin g an individuals personality type (ref). During the 1920s Freud famousy conceptualised personality traits in relation with conscious and unconcsioucs thoughts which depicted behaviour (ref). The psychodynamic court move towars humanistic progressiones to personality in the 1940s and 1950s with Maslows training of th eh hierarchy of needs approach theoryRogers in the latte 1950s who argued that we strive to acieve our best according to our persoaity taking find fro the likes of Maslow (Ryckman, 2012). Finally, cognitive psychology is the most modern approach to cause personality. Cognitive psychology refers to the study of mental processes and adopts a more biological approach which has been integrated strongly into modern understanding of personality psychology (Eysenck Keane, 2010). Personality theories attempt to understand behavioural renewing in individuals using a range of psychological characteristic definitions such(prenominal) as introvert and extrovert personality types (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). A signifi disregardt amount of earlier research focused upon personality traits as being heritable particularly in the behaviourist and psychodynamic theories (Eaves, Eysench, Martin, Eaves, 2014) and before the 1950s it was generally accepted that personality traits were inherited which followed with an influx of t upgrade based studies (Allport, 1937).In 1955, George Kelly developed the personal construct theory. Personal construct theory was intentional as an alternative approach to understanding individual personality which looked personality as an individual experience (Maktby, Day Macaskill, 2007). During the 1950s Kelly revolutionalised the ways in which personality and human understanding were approached by moving aside from the behaviourist and psychodynamic approaches. Instead the personal consttuct theory was deeply scientific adopting a phenomenological approach which moved away from the more favoured observational approaches to per sonality research methodology (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Using this phenomenological approach personal construct theory allows for variation to be made in personality so as not to refine it into categories but whilst also accepting that personality can change either thrugh individual of social influences (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Additionally, the sceitnific approach to personal construct theory means that it take a qualitative research perspective which give s the teory greater research power than other methods such as the psychodynamic and behaviourist which are heavily biased towards quantitative methodologies.(Ryckman, 2012).The personality construct theory changed personality theory in the 1950s by presenting the view that people should be treated as scientists. Kelly argued that individuals undertake an ongoing experiment from which their understanding of the world continually develops ( Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Kelly believed that during this experimental process the indivi dual would internalise ideas of realism which would lead to a greater understanding of the world (Kelly, 1963). Interpretations, observations, experiences formed the basis of the personality construct theory (Kelly, 1963). The personal construct psychology stance challences the idea that experience should simply be separated into categories of thining and feeling and how these impact upon individual personality and behaviour (Raskin, 2013). Kelly successfully argued towards a scientific, quantifiable approach to understanding personality traits stock-still, the approach has received extensive criticism for failing to incorporate an account for emotion. Chiari (2013) has stated that previously Kellys approach to the personal construct theory has failed to involve the role of emotion whch is considered by many modern psychologists to be fundamental to the development of personality. Chiari (2013) has stated that or else Kelly overlooks what would experiences which would normally come under the realms of emotion and suggested instead constructivist epistemology approach. However, it has been argued that the use of tese transitions o not aquately account for the role of emotion in human life (Chiari, 2013). For example, the cognitive approach to understanding personality has viewed personality touch to resulted in a deficit in the schemata which wauses issues relate to judgement and cognitive error (Eysenck Keane, 2010).Fundamental to Kellys approach and what seperates the pesnal construct theory from other approaches is the cable that expectation and expection drive the human mind ((Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Kelly believed that from this events can be predicted and anticipated in a process of continual personal development which was not centred upon predisposed genetics or biological factors (Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Kelly (1963) believed passionately that personality development aimed for the individual to achieve utmost knowledge of the wo rld around them from which they could develop a sense of self and belonging (Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Similarly to Kelly (1963) Rogers (1947) believed that perception of self was the driving factor behind behaviour and understanding of the world and based successful non-directive theory upon this principle Similarly to Kelly, Rogers believed that personality development was a lifelong, ongoing process of development (Rogers, 1963). However, Rogerss theory of self-actualisation has been heavily criticised for providing very limited understanding and performance within human personality in the twentieth century and in modern western society (Geller, 1982).Viktor Frnkl was another highly inflencital humanist psychologist Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist.Frankl delwas highly influential in the development of existential therapy as well as being a source of significant in the development of humanist psychology. Frankl was a holocaust survivor and a great deal of his work fu cesd upon seeing positive in the gloomyest of scenarios, his work on suicisde prevention strategies received significant attention.Frankl belived that people were innately driven by a desire to find meaning in life which allowed people to survive and overcome incredibly dark and traumatic experiences.Franks experience in the concentration camps shaped his therapeutic approach and philospophical approach to psychology. Franls work licenced the impact of socio-polictical influences on personal development by demonstrating the innate human drive to find positives in desperate circumstances and suffericng.George Kelly believed that humans had an innate need to gain knowledge and experiences from their environment throughout all stages of life (Butt, 2008). Dependent upon these life experiences the personal construct theory presented a flexible and highly person centred approach to personality (Kelly, 1963). Kelly believed that by constructing a situation based upon previous experience and what we have learnt from similar in the past allows individuals to be active problem solvers who can formulate accurate hypotheses for the forthcoming (Butt, 2008). One of the key strengths of the personal construct system is that the theory has allowed for reliable behavioural predictions to be made on an individual basis and throughout self-aggrandising life which do not rely upon preconstructed personality traits or genetic factors (Butt, 2008). For example, personality trait theory focuses upon quantifiable personality traits which are used to predict individual thought processes and behaviour (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Trait theorists have argued that individual personalities individuals can be understood in terms of returning patterns of thoughts, emotions and behaviour which can be scientifically examined using quantitative methodologies (John, Robins Pervin, 2008). However, there are a number of issues and implications relating to stereotype colliery when all individ uals are categorised dependent upon their personality traits.To demonstrate this Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) conducted a projective screen out of the sumptuous section hypothesis in a perosnltiy trait stereotypy setting. The golden raio is normally used in mathematics and refers to deuce quantifiable objects being in the golden ration if their ratio is equal to the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two objects qunantitities.Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) conducted a projective test o the golden section hypothesis during which twenty-fourtdents were required to complete a grid which categorise their personalities into ten comic book characters using twelve bipolar constructs as the basis for their selections such as generous-mean. The oerall results expose that the proportion of characters which were assigned to positive poles of constructs was 0.615 which was identified to be significantly in line with the golden section (approximately 0.618).That is, out of 2, 880 judgements, 1772 were identified to be positive in nature which support the mathematical model fo the golen section hypothesis. This These results suggest that the proportion of positive personality jusdemetns can be computed to be approximately 0.615 which is very close to the experimenters hypothesised estimate of 0.618. The experimenters have also reported that simpliar results were identified using similar sets of ersonality constructs. The study has also ifentified the proscribe aspects of negative judementss and stereotypes which can be construed base upo appearance nd impressiin the society.ons which cause individuals to assign a negative construct with further implicationsHowever, despite the limitations the trait theory approach to personality testing remains to be a popular choice by researchers due to the ability to provide an accurate description of an individuals personality which can be accurately assessed scientifically. Similarly to the person construct theory personality trai ts are universal and relevant regardless of age, race or gender however they are more concrete and less flexible which has formulated the theories main criticism (Ryckman, 2012). Furthermore, as th study by Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) demonstrated to an consummation the trait theory approach does not adequately account for issues such as abnormal personality disorders and can encourage negative personality stereotypy (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011).throughout the history of personality theory, the hereditary and biological explanation has had a tendency to be overused in research. A substantive proportion of this work has relied heavily upont win and adoption studies. However, the reliance on such studies has caused a large amount of criticism in recent years where a more integrated approach to research has been favoured. Twin studies have a number of experimental biases including reliabilitu and replicability, the results tend not to be generalisable to the general population due to the unique nature of the tally relationship and nurturing environment (Eaves, Eysneck, Martin Eaves, 2014). Loehlin, McCrae, Costa and John (1998) investigated the heritability fctor of the oversize Five personality imensions using data taken from the National Merit Trwin study The researchers used behaviour-genetic models to identify similiarites bbtetween the three separate measures the results of the model identifie that the Big Five personality dimesntions were significantly heritable and substantially so which was ine wih other similar studies. No significant variation was identified between gender, for measures agreeableness and conscientiousnsess shared environment was found to be measure specific and for estraversiona nd neuroticisim models which ncorporated a genetic element provided better fits.The results from are consistent across the majority of twin and genetic base studies for all five of the Big Five Personality Facts. For example, Jang, Liversley Vemon (1996) ident ified the following braod genetic influence on the five demensions of Neuroticism, extraversion, Openness, Agreeableneess, and Conscentiousness at 41%, 53%, 61%, 41% and 44% rerospectovely.Overall, it has been concluded that there is a strong genetic component to the individual differences basis to theories of personality which overwhelms theories of learnt traits (Ryckman, 2013). Overall, when Kellys theory of personality is compared to the humanist, behaviourist and psychodynamic theories, the approach provides an accurate scientific model for understanding personality and one which can be applied without limitation in childhood and adulthood. Personal construct theory has a significant streghth in its detailed and holistic view which has significantly increase understanding in individual differences in regardto personality rather than theoryies such as the trait theory (Eynsneck) which has viewed personality as being biologically contumacious and et in rigid categories which lea ves little room for individual adaption and variation (ref).( Langdridge Taylor, 2007). However, there are issues of generalisability with the personal construct theory which are less of an issue compared with other approachs such as thetrai thery,ReferencesAllport, G. W. (1937).Personality. Holt, New York.Butt, T. (2008). George Kelly The psychology of personal constructs (Mind shapers). Palgrave Macmillan USA.Bleidorn, W., Klander, C., Caspi, A. (2014). The behavioural genetics ofpersonality development in adulthood- classic, contemporary and future trends. European journal of personality, 28, 244-245.Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). Personality and individual differences 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons, UK.Cervone, D. (2013). Personality psychology. John Wiley and Sons, UK.Chiari, G. (2013). Emotion in personal construct theory A controversial question.Journal of constructvist psychology, 26, 249-261.Eysenck, M., Keane, M, T. (2010). Cognitive psychology A bookmans handbook, 6t h edition.Psychology press, USA.Eaves, L, J., Eysench, H, J., Martin, N, G, L, ., Eaves, J. (2014). Genes,culture, and personality An empirical approach. Academic press limited, London.Frankl, V, E. (2008). Mans search fofr meaning.Rider and Co, USAGeller, L. (1982). The failure of self-actualization theory. A critique of Carl Rogersand Abraham Maslow. Journal of humanistic psychology, 22, 56-73.Jang, K, L., Livesly, W, J., Vemon, P, A. (1996). Heritability of the Big FivePersonality dimensions and their facests A twin study. Journal of personality, 64, 577-592.John, O, P., Robins, R, W., Pervin, L, A. (2008). Handbook of personality, third edition Theory and research. The Guildford press, New York.Kelly, G. (1963). Theory of personality Psychology of personal constructs. W. W. Norton and Company, New York.Lee, C., Adams-Webber, J. (1987). A projective test of the golden sectionhypothesis. Social behaviour and personality, 15, 169-175.Loehlin, J, C, McCroe, R, R., Costa, P, T., John, O, P. (1998). Heritabilities of common and measure-specific component off the big five personality factors. Journal of research in personality, 32, 431-453.Langdridge, D., Taylor, S. (2007). Critical readings in social psychology. The open university press, UK.Maktby, J., Day, L., Macaskill, A. (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence 3rd edition. Pearson education limited, UK.Rogers, C, R. (1947). Some observations on the organization of personality.American psychologist, 2, 358-368.Rogers, C, R. (1963). The concept of the fully functioning person. 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Domestic Violence Essay -- Violence Against Women Essays

There is no question that domestic help fierceness directed against women is a earnest problem. Former U.S. Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop has called it womens number-one health problem. The statistics reported in the popular press are staggering Nearly one third of women in hospital emergency departments are there due to domestic violence, three out of four female homicide victims are killed by their husbands or lovers, and 6 one million million million women are victims of abuse by people they know each year (Journal of the American Medical Association June, 1992). Let us begin by front defining what abuse is abuse is the use or threat to use physical, sexual, or verbal behavior to coerce the partner to do something one wants to discredit or humiliate to gain or maintain a sense of power or control to act out ones anger inappropriately. Abusive behaviors whitethorn include subtle or covert harm as well as life threatening acts of violence. Yet, it seems to be that violen ce against an intimate partner does non seem to be as serious as other offences. We know this, because less than half of our states view marital rape as a crime (History of Governor Commission on municipal Violence, 2001). The Governors Commission on Domestic Violence was established by the Weld/Cellucci administration in April 1992, shortly after domestic violence was declared a public health emergency in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Governors Commission on Domestic Violence leads the nation in its comprehensive and innovative approach to addressing the crime of domestic violence. Some of its many accomplishments include State funding for domestic violence prevention and intervention initiatives including resources for district attorneys offices, battered womens programs and emergency shelters, legal services, school based teen dating violence programs, certified batters intervention programs, and judicial training. For FY01, state funding totaled over $23.4 million do llars.The publication of the Annual Prevention and Intervention Plan (House 1 budget) particularization domestic violence initiatives. The support of progressive domestic violence legislation including Chapter 209A, stalking law, firearms legislation, and uniform enforcement of out of state restraining orders.The first state wide Domestic Violence Law Enforcement Guidelines.The publication of... ... get the help they need. We are only failing our communities and ourselves by looking away from this social problem and leaving it to the familys alone to solve for themselves. The violence forget not simply stop, and it will not get better. Once it starts, it will happen more often and it will get progressively worse. No matter how much a battered woman loves her partner, she should know that she is in real danger. She has to ensure her own safety. Battered womens centers, crisis intervention services, and family crisis centers have names like Counsel for Abused Families, Coalition Aga inst Domestic Violence, Crisis Intervention Service, or Family Help Place. Family crisis centers provide hotlines that are open xxiv hours a day, seven days a week. If she cannot find a crisis center, she can call the police, sheriff, district attorneys, public library, or Salvation Army. The Salvation Army has diverseness and caring people who will help her without regard to her color, religion, or ethnic background. They can put her in touch with the people who can give her on the nose the help she needs. A battered women must not stop until she finds that help. Her life depends on it